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Kiran dwivedi ma hindi project 2014

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  • 45. #$% 1- vuqokn vFkZ 2- ifjHkkkk vko’;drk 3- izdkj 4- Lo:i 5- {ks= 6- vuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/k 7- fgUnh dks iz;kstuh; esa vuqokn dh Hkwfedk 8- foKkiu esa vuqokn 9- oSKkfud] rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= esa vuqokn 10- O;ogkfjd vuqokn 11- dk;kZy;hu fgUnh vkSj vuqokn 12- iz’kklfud {ks= esa vuqokn 13- i= ys[ku vkSj vuqokn 14- lkfgfR;d vuqokn dk fln~/kkar ,oa O;ogkj 15- lkjkuqokn 16- -/ -CO2 5
  • 46. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn vvvvFFFFkkkkZ fgUnh esa ^vuqokn* 'kCn vaxzsth ds Translation ds i;kZ; ds :i esa iz;qDr 6 fd;k tkrk gS A ;g ySfVu 'kCn Trans vkSj Lation ls cuk gS A Trans vdk vFkZ ^ikj * vkSj Lation dk vFkZ ^ ys tkus dh fdz;k * A bl vk/kkj ij Translation dk vFkZ gqvk ^ ,d ikj ls nwljh ikj ys tkus dh fdz;k * A MMMMkkkkWWWW- HHHHkkkkkkkkssyyssyykkkkuuuukkkkFFFFkkkk ffffrrrrooookkkkjjjjhhhh % ds vuqlkj ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk laca/k ^ on~ * /kkrq ls gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS cksyuk ;k dguk A vvvvaaxxaaxxzzsszzttsstthhhh ddddkkkksssskkkk ddddss ss vvvvuuuuqqllqqllkkkkjjjj ^ ,d Hkkkk ds ikB dks nwljh Hkkkk esa O;Dr djuk vFkok ,d Hkkkk ds dF; dks nwljh Hkkkk esa :ikarfjr djuk A * oooossoossoollllVVVVjjjj ''''kkkkCCCCnnnn ddddkkkksssskkkk ddddss ss vvvvuuuuqqllqqllkkkkjjjj %** Translation is a reading from one language or representation system into another Translation, is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background.” vFkkZr ,d Hkkkk ls nwljh Hkkkk esa izLrqfr ;k izfrfuf/kRo dh iz.kkyh vuqokn gS A ;g ,d ,slh dyk gS] ftlesa ,d fHkUu i`BHkwfe okys ikBdksa ds fy;s fdlh jpuk dk fdlh Hkkkk esa iqu% l`tu gksrk gS A The art of Translation ds ys[kd vkj- j?kqukFk jko us bls fuEu fyf[kr vFkZ esa xzg.k fd;k gS A (1) Removal or Transference of a physical object. ¼fdlh HkkSfrd oLrq dk LFkkukarj.k vFkok ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkstuk½ (2) Removal or Transference of a man from one office or change to another. ¼fdlh O;fDr dk ,d dk;kZy; vFkok nkf;Ro ls nwljs dk;kZy; vFkok nkf;Ro esa ifjorZu½ (3) Transference to heaven or to another world.
  • 47. 7 ¼lansg varaj.k vFkok yksdkarj.k½ (4) Alternation or Change ¼ ifjorZu vFkok :i ifjorZu ½ (5) Transformation or Change of appearance. ¼:i ifjorZu vFkok :ikarj.k ½ (6) Art of process of changing words to express the sense of passage in another language. ¼,d Hkkkk esa fy[ks ikB ds HkkokFkZ dks vU; Hkkkk ds lekukFkhZ izrhdksa esa cnyus dh dyk vFkok izfdz;k ½ (7) Explanation or Interpretation. ¼O;k[;k vFkok HkkokUrj.k½ (8) Version ¼laLdj.k½ rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ^vuqokn* dk vFkZ gS iqu% dFku ;k dgh x;h ckr dks nqgjkuk izkphu Hkkjr esa f’k{kk dh ,d ekSfyd ,oa le`) ijEijk jgh gS A vkJe esa xq: tks dgrs Fks] f’k; mls nqgjkrs Fks A ^ okLro esa ;g nqgjkuk gh ^vuqokn* ;k vuqokpu gS A ikf.kuh ds lw= % ^vuqokns pj.kkuke~ * ij d;;j dgrs gSa ^ ;nk izfriRrk izek.kkUrjkoxre~ O;FkZ iz;ksDrk rnkuqoknks HkfDr* vFkkZr~ fdlh vkSj izek.k ls fofnr ckr dks gh] nwljs dk;Z ds fy;s fdlh ds }kjk Jksrk ls tc dgk tkrk gS A rc vuqokn gksrk gS A
  • 48. iiiiffffjjjjHHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk ftl izdkj ^vuqokn* dks fofHkUu vFkksZa esa xzg.k fd;k x;k gS mlh izdkj bls ifjHkkfkr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS A 8 1- MMMMkkkkVVVVssZZLLssZZLLVVVV ** vuqokn ls Hkkkk ds izk;ksfxd foKku dh 'kk[kk ds :i esa ifjHkkfkr djrs gSa tks izfrekfur izrhdksa ds ,d lewg ls nwljs esa vFkZ varfjr djrh gS A” ” Translation is – That branch of applied science of language which is especially concerned with the problem or the fact of transference of meaning from one set of patterned symbols ........into another set of patterned symbols.” 2- ;;;;wwttwwtthhhhuuuu ,,,, uuuukkkkbbbbZZMMZZMMkkkk us vuqokn dks ,d foKku dk in fnyk;k A mUgksus y{k.k fn;k ^^ vuqokn dk laca/k L=ksr Hkkkk ds lans’k dk igys vFkZ vkSj fQj 'kSyh ds /kjkry ij y{; Hkkkk ds fudVre LokHkkfod rFkk rqY;kFkZd izLrqfr djus esa gksrk gS A ** ” Translation consist in producing in the reception language the closest natural equivalent to the mssage of source] first in meaning and secondary in style.” 3- jjjjkkkkssuussuukkkkVVVVkkkkss ss iiiikkkkssffssffxxxxvvvvkkkkyyyykkkkss ss uuuuss ss ddddggggkkkk ” Translation is a interpretative art.” 4- MMMMkkkkWWWW- HHHHkkkkkkkkssyyssyykkkkuuuukkkkFFFFkkkk ffffrrrrooookkkkjjjjhhhh ddddss ss vvvvuuuuqqllqqllkkkkjjjj % ^^ vuqokn dFkkr% vkSj dF;r% fudVre lgt izfr izrhdu gs A ** 5- ggggSSffSSffyyyyMMMMss ss ds vuqlkj % ^^ vuqokn ,d laca/k gS tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ikBksa ds chp gksrk gS] ;s ikB leku fLFkfr esa leku izdk;Z esa laikfnr djrs gSa A **
  • 49. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddssss iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjj vuqokn ds Hksn ;k izdkj ds fok; esa fon~okuksa us vyxvyx /kkj.kk,a 9 O;Dr dh gS A MMMMkkkkWWWW- HHHHkkkkkkkkssyyssyykkkkuuuukkkkFFFFkkkk ffffrrrrooookkkkjjjjhhhh ddddss ss vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddss ss iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjjkkkkssassa aa ddddss ss eeeeqq[qq[[[;;;; ppppkkkkjjjj vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj ggggSSaaSSaa A 1- x|i| ds vk/kkj ij 2- lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds vk/kkj ij 3- fok; ds vk/kkj ij 4- vuqokn dh izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij v xxxx||||iiii|||| ddddss ss vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj iiiijjjj 1- x|kuqokn 2- i|kuqokn 3- NUno) vuqokn 4- NUn eqDr vuqokn c llllkkkkffffggggffffRRRR;;;;dddd ffffoooo////kkkkkkkk ddddss ss vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj iiiijjjj 1- dkO;kuqokn 2- ukVdkuqokn 3- dFkkuqokn 4- fuca/k] js[kkfp= laLej.k vkfn dk vuqokn l ffffooookkkk;;;; ddddss ss vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj iiiijjjj 1- lkfgfR;d lkfgR; dk vuqokn 2- /kkfeZd lkfgR; dk vuqokn 3- yfyr lkfgR; dk vuqokn 4- xf.kr lkfgR; dk vuqokn 5- iz’kklfud lkfgR; dk vuqokn 6- oSKkfud lkfgR; dk vuqokn 7- dk;kZy;hu lkfgR; dk vuqokn 8- fof/k lkfgR; dk vuqokn 9- i=dkfjrk dk vuqokn n vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddhhhh iiiizzddzzdd``ff``ffrrrr ddddss ss vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj iiiijjjj 1- ewykfuB vuqokn 2- ewyeqDr vuqokn 3- 'kCnkuqokn 4- Hkkokuqokn 5- Nk;kuqokn 6- O;k[;kuqokn 7- lkjkuqokn 8- :ikarj.k 9- okrkZuqokn 10- 'kCn izfr 'kCn vuqokn
  • 50. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddkkkk LLLLoooo::::iiii vuqokn dk Lo:i fu/kkZj.k djrs le; ;g iz’u mBuk LokHkkfod gS fd vuqokn dyk gS ;k foKku ;k f’kYi A bl fok; esa erHksn gSa A fo)kuksa dk ,d oxZ tgkaW vuqokn dks foKku ekurk gS ogha nwljk oxZ f’kYi vFkok dyk A vr% ;g tkuuk vko’;d gks tkrk gS fd vuqokn okLro esa D;k gS vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ,,,,dddd ffffooooKKKKkkkkuuuu ggggSS SS % vuoq kn dks foKku ekuk tkrk gS A ysfdu ml vFkZ esa ugha ftl vFkZ esa iz;ksx’kkyk esa fofo/k izdkj dh ij[kuyh dh lgk;rk ls ifj{k.k fd;k tkrk gS A oLrqr% lkekU; Kku vkSj fof’kV Kku esa xgjk ikFkZoU; gS A bl lanHkZ eas ;g iz’u mBrk gS fd vuqokn dks foKku dgkWa rd dguk mfpr gS ffffxxxx;;;;kkkkssxxssxxhhhhZZ ZZ jjjjkkkkMMMMkkkkssss dk cMk jkspd fo’ys k.k gS % mudh nyhy gS vuqokn dyk gS ;k foKku ge iz’u djsa fd fpfdRlk foKku dyk gS ;k foKku LiV gh vukWVkeh vkSj ekuo 'kjhj foKku] foKku dh dksfV esa vkrs gSa fdarq jksx fu.kZ; ,oa fpfdRlk dyk iw.kZ dk;Zdyki gS A blesa fo)ku MkWDVj jksxksa dk bykt djrs gSa A jksxh ds rRoksa dks tfVy /kkjkvksa esa iw.kZr% fo’ysfkr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS A vuqoknd ,d MkWDVj ds leku gksrk gS tks ewy L=ksrksa dks ;ksa ns[krk gS tSls mldk dke ewy L=ksr dks fons’kh Hkkkk esa fy[ks tkus ds jksx ls eqDr djkuk gS A oLrqr% vuqokn ml vFkZ esa foKku ugha gS ftl vFkZ esa HkkSfrdh] tSfodh] 10 ;k xf.kr dks foKku dgk tkrk gS A ijUrq ;g lR; gS fd mlds Kku dk mu 'kk[kkvks ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS A tks okLrfod vFkZ esa foKku ugha gS A
  • 51. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ,,,,dddd ddddyyyykkkk ggggSS SS % vuqokn esa fparu Hkko lEizsk.k vFkok i;kZ; p;u iw.kZr% foosd ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A vr% ;fn ,d gh vuqokn dks dbZ O;fDr;ksa }kjk djk;k tk; rks mlds dbZ :i lkeus vk,axs A rkRi;Z ;g fd vuqoknd ,d jpuk’khy vkSj jpuk/kehZ gksrk gS A mlesa l`tu dh lk/k gksrh gS A og viuh lEiw.kZ ;ksX;rk o {kerk ls vuqokn dks vkdkZd cukrk gS A ffffFFFFkkkk;;;;kkkkMMMMkkkkssjjssjj llllssoossoojjjjhhhh us viuh iLq rd ” The Art of Translation” esa bldh ppkZ 11 djrs gq, vuqokn dks dyk ekuk gS A vuqokn ,d f’kYi gS % dyk dk dk;kZRed :i dh f’kYi gS A MkW-HkksykukFk frokjh dgrs gSa fd 'kk;n dh ,slh dksbZ dyk gks] ftlesa f’kYi dh fcYdqy vis{kk u gks vkSj 'kk;n fg ,slk dksbZ f’kYi gks ftlesa dyk iw.kZr% vuisf{kr gks A bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd dyk vkSj f’kYi esa varj gksus ds ckotwn nksuksa esa i;kZIr laca/k gS A tc vuqokn dyk gS rks f’kYi Hkh A
  • 52. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddss ss {{{{kkkkss==ss== vkt vuqokn vfuok;Z izfdz;k cu pqdh gS A bldk iz;ksx {ks= crk tk jgk gS A HkweaMyhdj.k us vuqokn dks vkt varjkZVªh; cuk fn;k gS A cccckkkkrrrrpppphhhhrrrr ddddkkkk {{{{kkkkss==ss== % vuqokn dk lcls cM+k {ks= ckrphr dk gS A tc nsk fHkUu HkkkkHkkkh vkil esa feyrs gSa rks os ,d nwljs ls ckr ugha djrs A mudks feykus dk dke f}Hkkkh gh dj ldrs gSa A bl izdkj dsjy vFkok mM+hlk dk O;kikjh fnYyh ds cktkj esa igqWaprk gS rc mls fgUnh vuqokn ds ek/;e ls gh dke djuk iM+rk gS A iiii====kkkkppppkkkkjjjj ddddkkkk {{{{kkkkss==ss== % i=kpkj O;kikj esa dk;kZy;ksa esa] U;k;ky; esa loZ= gksrk gS A tgkWa i=kpkj vius izns’k dh Hkkkk esa djus ls dke pyrk gS ogka vuqokn dh t:jr ugha iM+rh] fdarq ,d gh izns’k esa dbZ Hkkkk,a cksyus okys ihf+;ksa ls jgrs gSa A blds fy;s izknsf’kd Hkkkk Hkh ijkbZ jgrh gS A dk;kZy; dk {ks= % gekjs ns’k ds vf/kdka’k dk;kZy;ksa dh Hkkkk vaxzsth gS A dsoy iapk;r vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= ij gh izknsf’kd Hkkkk dk O;ogkj dHkhdHkh fd;k tkrk gS A vke turk dks vaxzsth esa vthZ fy[kuk eqf’dy gksrk gS A ;gka ls vuqokn dh izfdz;k 'kq: gksrh gS A UUUU;;;;kkkk;;;;kkkkyyyy;;;; ddddkkkk {{{{kkkkss==ss== % U;k;ky; ds deZpkjh] odhy vkSj izkFkhZ yksx vnkyr ds vax gksrs gSa A blfy, U;k;ky;ksa esa vuqokn vfuok;Z gksrk gS A vnkyrksa dh Hkkkk izk;% vaxzsth gksrh gS vkSj eqdneksa ds fy;s vko’;d dkxtkr vDlj izknsf’kd Hkkkk esa gksrs gSa A ,slh fLFkfr esa vaxzsth vkSj izknsf’kd Hkkkk dk ckjhckjh ls ijLij vuqokn fd;k tkuk vko’;d gks tkrk gS A lkfgR; dk {ks= % lkfgR; vuqokn ds fy, lcls moZj {ks= izekf.kr gks pqdk gS A vuqokn ds tfj, ge vU; Hkkkk dh izfrHkkvksa dks igpku ldrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds fy, johUnz ukFk VSxksj ds caxyk Nan esa fyf[kr vej d`fr ^xhrkatfy* ;fn vaxzsth esa vuqokfnr djds izdkf’kr u dh tkrh rks mUgs ^ukscy * iqjLdkj 'kk;n gh feyrk A vuqokn ekuo mi;ksxh izR;sd jkst esa dk;Zjr rFkk cgqmi;ksxh gS A 12
  • 53. vuqokn dh vvvuuuqqooqokkknnn dddhhh iiiizzffzzffddddzz;;zz;;kkkk ,,,,ooooaa aa iiiizzffzzffooooffff////kkkk vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddSSllSSllss ss ggggkkkkssrrssrrkkkk ggggSSSS dk fo’ysk.k djuk gh vuqokn dh izfdz;k dk vFkZ gS A oLrqr% vuqokn ,d laf’yV izfdz;k gS A tks ikB lkis{k gksus ds lkFklkFk vuqokn ds O;fDrRo dh Nki dks Hkh vafdr djrh gS A vuqokn dh izfdz;k esa Hkkkkvksa ds O;kdj.k] jpuk fo/kku rFkk Hkkkk 'kkL=h; n`fVdks.k dks HkyhHkkafr leuk o mlh ds vuq:i nksuksa Hkkkkvksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds vuq:i vFkZ lEizsk.k djuk Hkh vfuok;Z gksrk gS A uuuukkkkbbbbZZMMZZMMkkkk dh ekU;rk gS fd vuqokn i;kZ; ftl izfdz;k ls fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSa 13 mlds nks :i gSa A d izR;{k [k ijks{k izR;{k vuqokn izfdz;k % izR;{k izfdz;k ds varxZr rhu fLFkfr;ksa dh dYiuk djrs gSa A ftlds ,d Nksj ij ewy Hkkkk ikB fLFkr gksrk gS vkSj nwljs Nksj ij y{; Hkkkk ikB A bu nksuksa ds chp ,d e/;orhZ fLFkfr Hkh gksrh gS A tgkWa nskusk Hkkkk,a viuk Lora= vfLrRo foyhu dj nsrh gSa A bl izfdz;k dks vkjs[k }kjk bl izdkj lek tk ldrk gS A LLLL====kkkkssrrssrr HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk yyyy{{{{;;;; HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk eeee////;;;;oooorrrrhhhhZZ ZZ ffffLLLLFFFFkkkkffffrrrr ffffooookkkk;;;;ooooLLLLrrrrqq qq lllleeeeuuuukkkk rrrrFFFFkkkkkkkk mmmmffffpppprrrr llllEEEEiiiizzsszzsskkkk....kkkk
  • 54. uuuukkkkbbbbMMMM++kk++kk us vuqokn izfd;z k ds ijks{k :i dh ppkZ djrs gq, blds rhu pj.k 14 ekus gSa d fo’ysk.k [k varj.k x iqujZpuk LLLL====kkkkssrrssrr HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk yyyy{{{{;;;; HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk ¼eeeewwwyywyy iiiikkkkBBBB½ ¼vvvvuuuuwwffwwffnnnnrrrr iiiikkkkBBBB½ ffffoooo’’’’yyyysssskkkk....kkkk iiiiqquuqquujjjjZZppZZppuuuukkkk vvvvaarraarrjjjj....kkkk dddd ffffoooo’’’’yyyysssskkkk....kkkk % ukbMk dh ekU;rk gS fd ewyHkkkk ikB dk tc rd okfLrfod vFkZ vuqoknd ds lkeus LiV ugha gksxk rc rd og lgh vuqokn ugha dj ldsxk A blh n`fV ls fo’yskd ds nks fuf’pr lanHkZ gSA 1- Hkkkk Lrj ij fo’ysk.k 2- fok; ds Lrj ij fo’ysk.k [[[[kkkk vvvvaarraarrjjjj....kkkk % fo’ysk.k dh lgk;rk ls gq, vFkZ cks/k dk y{; Hkkkk esa varj.k gksuk vuqokn izfdz;k dk lcls izeq[k pj.k gS A vuqokn dks fo’ysk.k vkSj iqujZpuk ds chp fujarj xfr djrs jguk gksrk gS A ijUrq bl xfr ds chp esa ,d Lrj gksrk gS ftls varj.k dgk tkrk gS A x iqujZpuk %
  • 55. iqujZpuk vuqokn izfdz;k dk rhljk pj.k gS A og fLFkfr gS tc vuqokn ewy ikB ds lans’k dk vFkZcks/k djds ladze.k ds pj.k ls gksrs gq, y{; Hkkkk esa iqujZfpr gksdj vuqokn ds :i esa lkeus vkrk gS A iqujZpuk ds bl rhljs pj.k esa vuqoknd dks bu fcanqvks ij /;ku nsuk 15 vko’;d gS A 1- 'kCn dze 2- O;kdjf.kd lajpuk 3- Hkkkk Hksn 4- lg iz;ksx 5- 'kSyhxr izfreku iqujZpuk dks bl vkjs[k }kjk lek tk ldrk gS A vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk 1111 HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk2222 yyyyss[[ss[[kkkkdddd1111 iiiikkkkBBBB1111 iiiikkkkBBBBdddd1111 yyyyss[[ss[[kkkkdddd2222 iiiikkkkBBBB2222 iiiikkkkBBBBdddd2222 Vuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnndddd
  • 56. fgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa fffgggUUUnnnhhh dddhhh iiizz;;z;kkkssttstuuuhhh;;;rrrkkk eeessaas a vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddhhhh HHHHkkkkwwffwwffeeeeddddkkkk vkt lEiw.kZ lalkj ,d NksVs ls xkWao ds :i esa cnyrk tk jgk gS A lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh dzkafr us gesa ,d ,sls eqdke ij igqapk fn;k gS tgkWa ls fo’o ds ,d dksus ls nwljs dksus rd lEidZ lk/kuk vR;f/kd lqxe gks x;k gS A ljdkjh dkedkt dk jkVªh; Lrj ij dkedkt ds fy;s jktHkkkk fgUnh gS A bl le; vaxzsth Hkh lg;ksxh Hkkkk ds :i esa py jgh gS A vr% {ks=h; Hkkkk vFkkZr izknsf’kd Hkkkk dk iz;ksx rks ek= jkT; Lrj rd lhfer jgrk gS A dsUnz ljdkj ds lHkh dk;kZy;ksa esa fgUnh esa dke djuk vfuok;Z gS A jktHkkkk vf/kfu;e 1963 ¼;Fkk la’kksf/kr 1967½ rFkk jktHkkkk vf/kfu;e 1976 ¼;Fkk la’kksf/kr 1987½ o jkVªifr ds vkns’kksa ,oa jktHkkkk foHkkx x`g ea=ky; ds fn’kk funsZ’kksa ds vuqlkj iz’kklfud dk;Z] iz’kklfud izfdz;k] lkfgR; eqnz.k] ys[ku] LVkEi] eksgjsa] lkbZu cksMZ tSlh ensa f}Hkkfkd gksus ds dkj.k vuqokn dk egRo vR;f/kd c+ x;k gS A fgUnh dks 14 flrEcj 1949 dks jktHkkkk ds :i esa Lohd`fr fey tkus o mlds ckn lafo/kku ds Hkkx ,oa Hkkx 17 esa fgUnh laca/kh fofHkUu izko/kkuks ds fy, lafo/kku }kjk dh xbZ O;oLFkk ds dkj.k vuqokn ds fcuk ljdkjh dke pykuk dfBu gks x;k Fkk A vkt cgqr ls fons’kh dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdkas ds vuqokn fgUnh esa gks jgs gSa A L=ksr Hkkkk vaxzsth u gksus ij ewy ls vaxzsth vkSj vaxzsth ls fgUnh esa vuqokn gks jgs gSa A blh izdkj dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkkkkvksa ds Hkh fgUnh vuqokn gks jgs gSa tks fgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk dh n`fV ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS A 16
  • 57. ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu eeeessaass aa vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn viuh ckr turk rd igWqapkus ds fy, ¼,MojVkbftax½ ,d mi;ksxh l’kDr ek/;e gS A lHkh izdkj ds foKkiuksa dk ewyHkwr o izkFkfed mn~ns’; lans’k dks yf{kr miHkksDrk rd igqapkuk gksrk gS A ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu llllaannaannssss’’’’kkkk eeeekkkk////;;;;eeee yyyyffff{{{{kkkkrrrr mmmmiiiiHHHHkkkkkkkkssDDssDDrrrrkkkk foKkiu fopkjksa dks lEizsfkr djus dk l’kDr ek/;e gS A ;g tu lapkj ek/;e dk izeq[k ?kVd gS A bls uhps fn;s vkjs[k ds ek/;e ls lek;k tk ldrk gs A llllaappaappkkkkjjjjdddd eeeekkkk////;;;;eeee llllaaappappkkkkffffjjjjrrrr ¼llllaappaappkkkkjjjj llllaannaannss’’ss’’kkkk½ LLLL====kkkkrrssrsrs llllaannaannss’’ss’’kkkk eeeekkkk////;;;;eeee JJJJkkkkssrrssrrkkkk ¼ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu llllaannaannss’’ss’’kkkk½ ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu eeeekkkk////;;;;eeee mmmmiiiiHHHHkkkkkkkkssDDssDDrrrrkkkk ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu eeeessaass aa vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn % foKkiu fdlh oLrq ;k lekt esa fo[;kr fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa dh iwrhZ gsrq fd;k tkrk gS A tks O;fDr fo’ksk ds vkdfkZr djs blfy;s O;fDr;ksa dks ekufld :i ls izHkkfor djus gsrq O;fDr dh ekr`Hkkkk esa mldk vuqokn 17
  • 58. vko’;d gks tkrk gS A ftlls mlesa pqVhykiu] iSukiu ,oa vkdkZ.k cuk;k tk lds A Hkkkk dh iz;ksDrk dks fofHkUu {ks=ksa ,oa fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkfkd iz;qfDr;ksa dk p;u djuk gksrk gS A foKkiu ys[kd ;fn lQy iz;ksx ugha djrk gS rks og vius mn~ns’;ksa esa vlQy jg tkrk gS A foKkiu ds fofHkUu fffoooKKKkkkiiiuuu dddss s fffooofffHHHkkkUUUuuu iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjjkkkkssaass aa eeeessaass aa vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn 1- oxhZd`r foKkiu vuqokn 2- izn’kZu foKkiu esa vuqokn 3- laLFkkxr foKkiu esa vuqokn 4- O;oLkk; laca/kh foKkiu esa vuqokn 5- iz’kklfud foKkiu esa vuqokn 18
  • 59. ooookkkkffff....kkkkffffTTTT;;;;dddd ,,,,ooooaaaa ooooSSKKSSKKkkkkffffuuuudddd rrrrdddduuuuhhhhddddhhhh rrrrFFFFkkkkkkkk iiiizzkkzzkkSS||SS||kkkkssffssffxxxxddddhhhh {{{{kkkkss==ss== eeeeaassaass vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn 19 ooookkkkffff....kkkkffffTTTT;;;;dddd vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn okf.kfT;d vuqokn rVLFk gksrk gSA okf.kT; O;olk; Lo;a eas gh ,d vyx fok; gSA vr% okf.kfT;d vuqokn lkekU; vuqokn ls fHkUu gksrk gSA okf.kT; o cSad dkjksckj pykus ds fy;s vusd ikfjHkkfkd 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu 'kCnksa dks cSafdax vFkok okf.kfT;d 'kCnkoyh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA okf.kfT;d vuqokn eas vuqokn dks 'kCnksa ds vFkZ vkSj lanHkZ nksuksa dks /;ku eas j[kuk vko';d gks x;k gSA O;kikj ls lacaf/kr nLrkost i= i=] ek¡x i=] ysunsu laca/kh i=] f'kdk;r i=] fufonk,¡] lwpuk,¡] funsZ'k] fu;ekoyh vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa eas okf.kfT;d vuqokn dh egRrk gSA okf.kT; ds lalkj eas 'ks;j ekdsZV dk cgqr egRo gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij dqN okf.kfT;d 'kCn ,oa muds vFkZ uhps fn;s tk jgs gSa lq/kjuk cktkj Hkko eas dqN c+ksRrjh gksukA uje iM+uk nkekasa dk ?kVukA HkM+duk nkeksa dk c+ukA eqyk;e iM+uk c+s gq, Hkko eas deh gksukA dej rksM+ eanh cgqr vf/kd lLrk gksukA dej rksM+ eagxkbZ cgqr vf/k dg¡xk gksukA okf.kT; O;olk; eas vuqokj dh tks leL;k,¡ vkerkSj ij vkrh gSa os bl izdkj gSa
  • 60. 1- okf.kfT;d 'kCnksa dh leL;k tSls 'Charge the bill against his account' dk 'kkfCnd vuqokn ^fcy dks mlds [kkrs ds fo:) izHkkfjr djsa* gksxk] ijarq lgh vuqokn ugha gqvkA bldk l gh vuqokn gksxk ^fcy mlds [kkrs eas ls izHkkfjr djsa*A 2- Hkkkk dh cks/kxE;rk dh leL;k Hkh okf.kfT;d vuqokn ds fy;s ,d pqukSrh gS] D;ksafd O;kikj dk laca/k fiNM+s bykdksa eas fuokl djus okys O;fDr ls Hkh gSA 3- laf{kIr inkoyh dh leL;k Hkh vuqokn ds fy;s pqukSrh Hkjk gS izk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd okf.kT; ds 'kCn NksVs gksrs gSa mu 'kCnksa dks vFkZ ds vuq:i NksVs :i eas vuqokn gksuk pkfg;sA 4- okf.kfT;d vuqokn eas ekud 'kCnksa eas vuqokn dh leL;kA 5- O;olk; laca/kh oLrq] LFkku vkfn ds fy;s fiY;arj.k mfpr gS] fdUrq fyI;arj.k ds fy;s vuqokn dks Hkkkk Kku rFkk 'kCn Kku vko';d gS] ;g Hkh ,d leL;k gSA bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqokn dks fgUnh vFkok fons'kh Hkkkkvksa o {ks=h; Hkkkkvksa dh izÑfr dk iwjkiwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;sA vkt dk ;qx foKku] rduhdh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dk ;qx gSA thou ds gj {ks= eas foKku ,oa rduhdh dh vko';drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA ;g lp gS fd oSKkfud] rduhdh ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fok;ksa dk vuqokn lkfgR; ds vuqokn dh rqyuk eas vis{kkÑr ljy izfØ;k gS ftlds fy;s vuqoknd dks fok; fo'ksk dh 'kCnkoyh dk Kku gksuk ek= i;kZIr gS] fUrq mldh Hkh ,d lhek gSA vuqokn djus ds fy;s Hkkkk ij oSlk gh lgt vkSj le`) vf/kdkj visf{kr gksxk tSlk fd fdlh vPNh lkfgfR;d Ñfr ds vuqokn ds fy;s visf{kr gSA bleas ,d lqfo/kk ;g gS fd oSKkfud o rduhdh {ks= eas vuqokn ewy ikB ds leku fd;k tk ldrk gS c'krsZ fd vuqoknd dks bu 20
  • 61. pkj fok;ksa dk Kku gks ¼1½ L=ksr Hkkkk ¼2½ y{; Hkk111LLL===kkkssrrsr HHHkkkkkkkkkkkk 222yyy{{{;;; HHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkk ¼3333½ ffffooookkkk;;;; ddddkkkk KKKKkkkkuuuu ¼4444½ iiiikkkkffffjjjjHHHHkkkkkkkkffffkkkkdddd ''''kkkkCCCCnnnnkkkkooooyyyyhhhhAAAA foKku] rduhdh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh v/;;u ds {ks= eas vuqokn djus gsrq mi;qZDr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gS gh lkFk gh lkoZHkkSfedrk] fo'ksk fpUgksa dk iz;ksx] LiVrk] izpfyr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ,oa fons'kh 'kCnksa dk vuqdj.k Hkh vko';d gSA /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsas bl izdkj gSa 1- foKku ds fu;e lkoZHkkSfed gksrs gSa blfy;s vuqokn djrs le; Hkh fuR;rk lwpd 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA 2- T;kferh; vkÑfr eas Hkkjrh; fyfi;ksa ds v{kj iz;qDr fd;s tk 21 ldrs gSa tSls v d c l [k x 3- oSKkfud] rduhdh o izkS|ksfxdh ds vuqokn dh Hkkkk eas ,d:irk] LiVrk dk gksuk vko';d gSA 4- vaxszth] iqrZxkyh] Ýkalhlh vkfn Hkkkkvksa ds ,sls fons'kh 'kCn tks Hkkjrh; Hkkkkvksa easa izpfyr gks x;s gSa] mUgsa mlh :i eas viukuk pkfg;sA tSls batu] e'khu] ehVj] yhVj] fizTe] VkpZ vkfnA 5- rduhdh vuqokn eas vuqoknd dks rduhdh ladYiukvksa ds fy;s fyI;arj.k dk lgkjk ysuk pkfg;s tSls nnnnoossooss uuuukkkkxxxxjjjjhhhh jjjjkkkksseesseeuuuu v a vk a d k d qa folxZ ¼%½ h
  • 62. vkt varfj{k foKku ds lkFk rRlaca/kh 'kCnkoyh Lo;a fodflr gks jgh 22 gS vkSj vu`fnr gks jgh gS tSls 1- llllssVVssVVssyyssyykkkkbbbbVVVV ddddss ss iiiiddzzddzz kkkkjjjj Active Satellite lfØ; mixzg Communication Satellite lapkj mixzg Polar Satellite /kqoh; mixzg Augmented Satellite loaf/kZr mixzg 2222++++ vvvvkkkkjjjjffffccccVVVV llllss ss llllaaccaaccaaffaaff////kkkkrrrr Transfer Orbit LFkkukarj d{kk Elliptical Orbit vaMkdkj d{kk Circular Orbit o`Rrh; d{kk bl izdkj foKku rFkk rduhdh {ks= eas fur u, 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA vuwfnr ,oa u, 'kCnksa ds HkaMkj Hkjus eas oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA fof/k laca/kh vuqokn Lo;a eas ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS] D;ksafd bleas ,d vksj rks dkuwu dh LiV O;k[;k,¡ gksrh gSa vkSj nwljh vksj ekuoh; laonsuk dk xgure igywA gekjh jkstejkZ dh ftanxh eas vf/kfu;eksa o dk;ZokbZ;ksa dh dgha u dgha vko';drk iM+rh gh gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku eas ;g O;oLFkk gS fd la?k dh jktHkkkk fgUnh vkSj fyfi nsoukxjh gks] bls vuqPNsn 343 ds :i eas lafo/kku eas LFkku fn;k x;k gSA fdUrq fof/k ds {ks= eas rqjar jktHkkkk ds :i eas ykxw u fd;s tkus ds ihNs dqN dkj.k FksA mueas lcls cM+k dkj.k Fkk fof/k 'kCnkoyh dk vHkkoA
  • 63. fof/k laca/kh vuqokn djus ds fy;s izkFkfed fffooofff///kkk lllaaccacaa//a/kkkhhh vvvuuuqqooqokkknnn dddjjjuuusss dddsss fffyyy;;;ss iiizzkkzkFFFkkkfffeeeddd ::::iiii llllss ss nnnnkkkkss ss cccckkkkrrrrkkkkssaass aa ddddkkkk ////;;;;kkkkuuuu jjjj[[[[kkkkuuuukkkk vvvvkkkkoooo'''';;;;dddd ggggSS SS ¼1111½ ''''kkkkCCCCnnnnkkkkooooyyyyhhhh ¼2222½ vvvvffffHHHHkkkkOOOO;;;;ffffDDDDrrrrAAAA dkuwu dh Hkkkk eas fdlh Hkh dF; dks lh/ks lkns ax ls O;Dr ugha fd;k tkrk] cfYd ?kqekfQjkdj dgk tkrk gSA blfy;s dkuwuh vfHkO;fDr;k¡ cM+h tfVy gksrh gSaA vr% vuqoknd dks fof/kd tkudkjh gksuk pkfg;s vFkok fdlh fof/kosRrk o odhy ls laoh{kk djok ysuk pkfg;sA 23 ,,,,dddd mmmmnnnnkkkkggggjjjj....kkkk nnnnss[[ss[[kkkkssaass aa Secondary evidence of the contents of the documents referred to in section 65, clause (a) shall not be given unless the party in whose possession or power the document is [or to his attorney or pleader] such notice to produce it as is prescribed by law, then such notice as the court considers reasonable under the circumstances of the case. /kkjk 65 [kaM ¼d½ eas fufnZV nLrkostksa dh varoZLrq dk f}rh;d lk{; rc rd u fn;k tk ldsxk tc rd ,sls f}rh;d lk{; nsus dh izLFkkiuk djus okys i{kdkj us ml i{kdkj dks ftlds dCts eas ;k lR; /khu og nLrkost gS ¼;k mlds vVuhZ ;k IyhMj ds½ mls is'k djus ds fy;s ,slh lwpuk tSlk fd fof/k }kjk fofgr gS vkSj ;fn fof/k }kjk dksbZ lwpuk fofgr ugha gks rks ,slh lwpuk tSlh U;k;ky; ekeys dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds v/khu ;qfDr;qDr lerk gS u ns nh gksA bl izdkj fof/k ds vuqokn ds fy;s 'kq)rk vko';d gSA fof/k laca/kh vuqokn dk;Z djus okys vuqoknd dks viuk vuqfnr ikB ckjckj nksgjkuk pkfg;s rkfd vuwfnr 'kCn dk nksgjk vFkZ u fudysA
  • 64. O;OOO;;;kkkkooooggggkkkkffffjjjjdddd vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn vvvvHHHH;;;;kkkkllll vuqokn djrs le; fdufdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s] vuqokn dSls djuk pkfg;s tSls vuqokn laca/kh vusd i{kksa ij fopkj fd;k tk pqdk gSA vr% la{ksi :i eas ;g dguk pkfg;s fd ewy Hkkkk dh izÑfr dks leuk] 'kCnksa eas vFkZxkaHkh;Z dks leuk rFkk 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx {ks= dks leuk gh vuqokn eas O;kogkfjdrk dh ek¡x gS D;ksafd dbZ 'kCn ,sls gksrs gSa ftudk fofo/k {ks=ksa eas vyxvyx vFkZ gksrk gS] tSls Charge dk;ZHkkj ¼iz'kklfud {ks=½ O;; ¼okf.kfT;d {ks=½ vkjksi ¼fof/k {ks=½ /kkok ¼lSU; dk;ZokbZ½ vr% lanHkkZuqdwy 'kCnksa dk vuqokn djuk gh O;kogkfjd vuqokn gSA vuqoknksa ds cgqvk;keh vkSj cgqLrjh; :i dks /;ku eas j[krs gq, uuuukkkk;;;;MMMMkkkk us Hkh nks lerqY; crk, gSa ¼1½ :iijd lerqY;rk ¼2½ xR;kRed lerqY;rkA iiiikkkkssiissiikkkkssffssffoooopppp us lerYq ;rk ds pkj vk/kkj ekus gSa Hkkkkijd] :ikoyhijd] 'kSyhijd vkSj foU;kl ØekxrA mmmmiiii;;;;qqZZDqDqZZDDrrrr vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjjkkkkssaass aa iiiijjjj bbbbllllddddss ss ppppkkkkjjjj eeeeqq[[qq[[;;;; HHHHkkkkssnnssnn eeeekkkkuuuuss ss ttttkkkk llllddddrrrrss ss ggggSSaSaS aa 24 1- Hkkkkijd lerqY;rk 2- Hkkoijd lerqY;rk 3- 'kSyhijd lerqY;rk 4- ikBijd lerqY;rkA
  • 65. 1- HkkHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkiiiijjjjdddd lllleeeerrrrqqYYqqYY;;;;rrrrkkkk bldk vk/kkj Hkkfkd lkexzh gSA bleas Lksr Hkkkk ds ikB ds 'kCnksa] inca/kksa] okD;ksa vkfn ds lerqY; y{;Hkkkk eas 'kCnksa] inca/kksa] okD;ksa vkfn dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d izdkj ls 'kCnkuqokn gksrk gS] tSls Literacy lk{kjrk Flying Visit rwQkuh nkSj I took a taxi for the hotel eSusa gksVy ds fy;s VSDlh yhA 2- HHHHkkkkkkkkooooiiiijjjjdddd lllleeeerrrrqqYYqqYY;;;;rrrrkkkk bleas Hkkfkd vfHkO;fDr dh vis{kk lEizsjd dF; ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS rFkk vFkZ cká Lrj dh vis{kk vkarfjd Lrj ij vf/kd dk;Z djrk gSA tSls Acid test vfXu ijh{kk He is a stone deaf og furkar cgjk gSA 3- ''''kkkkSSyySSyyhhhhiiiijjjjdddd lllleeeerrrrqqYYqqYY;;;;rrrrkkkk blds varxZr fyf[kr] ekSf[kd] vkSipkfjd vkfn lHkh izdkj dh 'kSfy;ka vkrh gSa ftleas blds lerqY; y{;Hkkkk dh 'kSfy;ksa dks ns[kuk iM+rk gSA tSls Would you come to our place D;k rqe gekjs ;gk¡ vkvksxs 4- iiiikkkkBBBBiiiijjjjdddd lllleeeerrrrYYqqYYqq ;;;;rrrrkkkk bl lerqY;r keas izrhdkRed] y{k.kkijd vkSj O;atukijd vFkZ dk foospu fd;k tkrk gSA ikBijd lerqY;rk dh ppkZ vusd LFkkuksa ij dh tk pqdh gSA bl izdkj O;kogkfjd vuqokn eas mi;qZDr rF;ksa dks /;ku eas j[kdj vuqokn dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA blls vuqokn eas Hkh ewy tSlk vkuan feyrk gSA 25
  • 66. vH;kl gsrq ;gk¡ mnkgj.k izLrqr gSa 26 ffffggggUUUUnnnnhhhh %%%% f'k{kknku gekjk igyk dk;Z gksuk pkfg;s uSfrd rFkk ckSf)d nksuksa gh izdkj dh f'k{kk----- rkfd blds QyLo:Ik yksx vkRefuHkZj rFkk ferO;;h cu ldsaA ckr dgus eas rks cM+h ljy gS ij blds dk;Z :i eas dSls ifj.kr fd;k tk, gekjs ns'k eas gtkjksa fu%LokFkZ] n;kyq vkSj R;kxh iq:k gSaA mueas ls de ls de vk/kksa dsk mlh rjhds ls ftleas os fcuk ikfjJfed fy;s ?kwe?kwe dj /keZ f'k{kk nsrs gSa viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj f'k{kk nsus ds fy;s izf'kf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vvvvaaxxaaxxzzssttzzsstthhhh %%%% Forest are called the 'Green Gold' of a country because they are a country's health. There are a number of advantages of having green forests. They give us rain, they prevent floods and give us a number of valuable products. We get timber for our houses, wood for furniture and fuel for cooking food. Besides these, many other useful products are got from them. They are honey, wax gum, oil, rubber, turpentine and lac. Think of the paper mills. Can they produce paper without getting wood from the forests ? It is our duty to plant trees and save the forest.
  • 67. dk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud dddkkk;;;kkkZZyyZy;;;hhhuuu ,,,oooaaa iiizz''z'kkkkkklllfffuuuddd {{{{kkkkss==ss== eeeeaassaa ss vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn dk;kZy;hu vuqokn dh ppkZ ge ihNs dj pqds gSa fQj Hkh ;gka iz'kklfud {ks= ds vuqokn ,oa iz'kklfud 'kCnkoyh ls lacaf/kr vuqokn dh laf{kIr ppkZ djuk visf{kr gSA bleas nks er ugha fd vkt izpfyr iz'kklfud O;oLFkk vaxsztksa dh nsu gS vr% bleas vkt Hkh vaxszth okD; jpuk o vaxzsth inca/kksa dh Hkjekj gSA ;g t:jh ugha fd vuqokn v{kj'k% vaxzsth 'kSyh eas gks] ijarq tks ewy eas dgk x;k gS og y{;Hkkkk eas vk tk,A iz'kklfud vuqokn eas Hkkkk dh izkatyrk ;k 'kSyh dk vkdkZd gksuk vfuok;Z ugha ijarq cks/kxE;rk rks gksuk gh pkfg;sA ffffggggUUUUnnnnhhhh eeeeaassaa ss iiiinnnnuuuukkkkeeee ddddss ss ddddqqNNqqNN mmmmnnnnkkkkggggjjjj....kkkk bbbbllll iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjj ggggSSaaSSaa Assistant lgk;d Acting Director dk;Zdkjh funs'kd Advocate vf/koDrk Additional Director lgk;d lapkyd Advocate General egkf/koDrk Ambassador jktnwr Additional Secretary vfrfjDr lfpo @ vij lfpo Asstt. Secretary lgk;d lfpo Asst. Professor lgk;d izk/;kid Chairman v/;{k @ lHkkifr 27
  • 68. 28 dk;kZy;dddkkk;;;kkkZZyyZy;;;kkkkssaass aa ddddss ss uuuukkkkeeee ¼ffffooooHHHHkkkkkkkkxxxx½ Adult Education Dictoral Of izkS+ f'k{kk funs'kky; foKkiu rFkk Advertising and visual n`'; izpkj funs'kky; Administration Section iz'kklu vuqHkkx Agriculture Research Institute of India Hkkjrh; Ñfk vuqla/kku laLFkku Bureau of Police Research iqfyl vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl C;wjks Central Govt. Health Scheme dsUnzh; ljdkj LokLF; ;kstuk Central Hindi Directorate dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky; Defence Research and development j{kk vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl Organization laxBu Legislative Assembly fo/kkulHkk National Discipline Scheme jkVªh; vuq'kklu ;kstuk Public Administration Institute yksd iz'kklu ;kstuk vvvvUUUU;;;; lllljjjjddddkkkkjjjjhhhh ddddkkkk;;;;kkkkZZyyZZyy;;;;kkkkssaass aa ddddss ss uuuukkkkeeee ¼ffffooooHHHHkkkkkkkkxxxx½ bbbbllll iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjj ggggSSaaSS aa All India Institute of Medical Science vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkSk/k foKku laLFkku All India Radio vkdk'kok.kh Archieves of India, National Hkkjrh; jkVªh; vfHkys[kkxkj Archaeological Survey of India Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k Armaments, Senior Inspector ofjB vk;q/k fujh{kd Armed forces films and photo division l'kL= lsuk fQYe o QksVks izHkkx Armed Forces Headquarters l'kL= lsuk eq[;ky; Armed Forces information office l'kL= lsuk lwpuk dk;kZy; Armed Forces Medical Services l'kL= lsuk fpfdRlk lsok Banking Department oSafdax foHkkx Buildings Organisation jkVªh; Hkou fuekZ.k Central Hindi Directorate dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;
  • 69. Central Salt and Marine Chemical dsUnzh; ued vkSj leqnzh jlk;u Research Institute vuqla/kku laLFkku Computer Centre dEI;wVj dsUnz Employment Exchange jkstxkj dk;kZy; Life Insurance Corporation thou chek fuxe Indian Mass Communication Hkkjrh; tulapkj laLFkku Multipurpose Co-operative Society cgqmn~ns'kh; lgdkjh lfefr National Museum jkVªh; laxzgky; National Defence College jkVªh; j{kk dkWyst ikfjHkkfkd 'kCnkoyh iiikkkfffjjjHHHkkkkkkfffkkkddd '''kkkCCCnnnkkkoooyyyhhh ,,,,ooooaa aa iiiizz;;zz;;qqffqqffDDDDrrrr;;;;kkkk¡¡ ¡¡ Aboriginal Tribes vkfne tkfr;ka Absconding Offender Qjkj vijk/kh Absolute Order iDdk vkns'k Alert to keep lrdZ jguk Allegation vkjksi As nearly as possible ;Fkk laHko Assessed Value fu/kkZfjr ewY; Bad Blood dVqrk Body Corporate fudk; Bilnnial Report f}okfkZd fjiksVZ Book Value vafdr ewY; Budget Provision ctV O;oLFkk Breach of discipline vuq'kklu Hkax Bulk purchase Fkksd [kjhn Career, Academic 'kS{kf.kd thou Caution Money vo/kku O;; Civil Right ukxfjd vf/kdkj Clearing Agent fudklh ,tsUV @ vfHkdrkZ 29
  • 70. i= iii=== yyyyss[[ss[[kkkkuuuu vvvvkkkkSSjjSSjj vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn i= ys[ku ,d dyk gSA bl dyk eas ikjaxr gksus ds fy;s fujarj vH;kl dh vko';drk gSA i= ys[ku thou ds yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa eas yksdfiz; rFkk vko';d gSA i=ys[ku eas lkfgfR;drk ds xq.k ik, tkrs gSaA ijarq blds ckctwn bleas lkfgfR;d xaHkhjrk] cksfyrk] fo'ysk.kkRed vkfn u gksdj mldh viuh Lora= Hkkkk 'kSyh gksrh gSA ffffggggUUUUnnnnhhhh eeeeaassaa ss eeeeqq[[qq[[;;;; ::::iiii llllss ss iiii====kkkkssaassaa ddddss ss NNNN%%%% iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjj ggggkkkkssrrssrrss ss ggggSSaa SSaa 30 1- O;fDrxr i=A 2- O;kogkfjd i=A 3- vkf/kdkfjd i=A 4- O;kikfjd i=A 5- lkoZtfud i=A 6- dk;kZy;hu i=A bu lHkh i= izdkjksa ds vuqlkj i= dh Hkkkk] xBu vyxvyx 'kSfy;ksa eas iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA i= ys[ku dh eq[; fo'kskrk,sa gSa laf{kIrrk] izHkkoksRikndrk] f'kVkpkj] vkarfjdrk] LiVrk rFkk ljyrkA vvvvaaxxaaxxzzzzssttsstthhhh iiii==== Format of an Informal Letter Sender's Address 27, Lajpat Nagar New Delhi Date 10 March, 2008 Salutation Dear Ram It was nice to her from your ………. …………………………………………………… Contents …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… Complimentary Write soon Close Yours Signature / Name Ravi of the letter writer
  • 71. ffffggggUUUUnnnnhhhh ddddss ss iiii==== xq-?kk-fo-fo-] fcykliqj ¼N-x-½ Øekad 5@vdk-@200708@fcykliqj fnukad 23-03-2008 31 izfr] ----------------------- ¼d] [k] x½ dsUnzh; fgUnh laLFkku vkxjk ¼m-iz-½ fok; % ------------------------------------ egksn;] --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- Hkonh; ¼d] [k] x½ dqylfpo bl izdkj i=ksa ds vuqokn dh Hkkkk dk;kZy;hu fgUnh gS D;ksafd i= ljdkjh foHkkxksa eas lans'kokgu dk dke djrs gSa rFkk foHkkxksa dh 'kCnkoyh lqfuf'pr gksrh gSA bl izdkj i= dkedkth fgUnh dk gh vax gSA
  • 72. inukeksa] vuqHkkxksa] nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa iiinnnuuukkkeeekkkssasaa]]] vvvuuuqqqHHHkkkkkkxxxkkkssasaa]]] nnnLLLrrrkkkooossstttkkkssasaa]]] iiizzfzffrrrooossnsnnuuukkkssasaa ddddssss vvvvuuuuqqqoqoookkkknnnn Hkkjr ljdkj ds fy;s foHkkxksa ,oa vf/kdkfj;ksa o dezpkfj;ksa ds inukeksa rFkk foHkkxh; vuqHkkxka dk ekud fgUnh vuqokn ^oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx* ^dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;* ^f'k{kk vkSj lektdY;k.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj* ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA vr% inukeksa ds Lora= vuqokn dh NwV ugha gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izR;sd dk;kZy; dks 'kk[kkvksa vkSj vuqHkkxksa eas ck¡Vk x;k gSA ;g c¡Vokjk lgtrk ls dk;Z fuiknu ds mn~ns'; ls fd;k x;k gSA dk;kZy; dh Hkkkk eas 'kk[kk dks ^Branch* rFkk vuqHkkx dks ^Section* dgrs gSaA ;gka dqN vuqHkkxksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSa Administration Section iz'kklu vuqHkkx Hindi Section jktHkkkk vuqHkkx Cash Section jksdM+ vuqHkkx Bill Section fcy vuqHkkx Medical Section fpfdRlk vuqHkkx Revenue Section jktLo vuqHkkx Benefit Section fgrykHk vuqHkkx General Section lkekU; vuqHkkx Account Section ys[kk vuqHkkx Vigilance Section lrdZrk vuqHkkx Dispatch Section izsk.k vuqHkkx Telephone Section VsyhQksu vuqHkkx ;gk¡ fofHkUu nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa vkfn eas vuqokn ls lacaf/kr ppkZ 32 i`Fkdi`Fkd fn;k tk jgk gSA
  • 73. 33 nnnnLLLLrrrrkkkkoooossttsstt ddddkkkk vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn vkt dsUnzh; ljdkj ds dk;kZy;ksa] fuxeksa] cSadksa] laLFkkuksa] lkoZtfud m|eksa] daifu;ksa vkfn eas vuqokn fd;k tkuk vko';d gh ugha] vfuok;Z Hkh gks x;k gSA ;|fi dsUnz ljdkj ds yxHkx lHkh ea=ky;ksa] lfpoky;ksa o foHkkxksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ,d lh gksrh gS] fdUrq fofHkUu daifu;ksa] cSadksa vkfn dh dk;Z i)fr fHkUufHkUu gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr eas fofHkUu izdkj ds nLrkostksa dk mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gS] tSls fVIi.k] la{ksi.k] lkjys[ku] izk:i.k] elkSnk ys[ku vkfnA iiiizzffzzffrrrroooossnnssnnuuuu vvvvkkkkSSjjSSjj vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ^izfrosnu* vaxszth ds ^Report* 'kCn ds i;kZ; :i eas xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA izfrosnu fdlh ?kVuk] dk;Z vkfn ds laca/k eas Nkuchu djus ds ckn rS;kj fd;k x;k fooj.k gksrk gSA bl vFkZ eas izfrosnu ls vfHkizk; gS vuqHko lEiUu fo'kn tkudkjhA oLrqr% izfrosnu dk {ks= cgqr foLr`r gSA bleas nq?kZVuk] fu.kZ;] lEesyu lHkk dk fooj.k] fookn uhfr] vk;krfu;kZr uhfr] fofHkUu oxkaZs dh fLFkfr] ea=h] vf/kdkjh vFkok O;fDr;ksa ds Hkkk.k vkfn dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ls rS;kj fd;k x;k fooj.k {ks= vkrs gSaA vr% izfrosnu ds dbZ izdkj gks ldrs gSa] tSls O;fDr }kjk] foHkkx @ dk;kZy; }kjk] laLFkk }kjk] lfefr @ vk;ksx }kjk vkfnA
  • 74. lkfgfR;lllkkkfffgggfffRRR;;;dddd vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddssss ffffllll))))kkkkaarraarr ,,,,ooooaa aa OOOO;;;;ooooggggkkkkjjjj 34 llllkkkkffffggggffffRRRR;;;;dddd vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddss ss ffffllll))))kkkkaarraarr lkfgR; ltZukRed gksrk gSA og fopkj vkSj laosnuk] laLÑfr vkSj lH;rk] ekuoh; psruk dk laokgd vkSj ns'kdky ds Åij gksrk gSA bl vFkZ eas lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds lkfgR; ds vuqokn dk ewy mn~ns'; ml jkVª fo'ksk ds ukxfjdksa dh fnup;kZ] jhfrfjokt] ifjos'k] laLdkj] vPNkbZ;ksa vkfn ls ifjfpr gksuk gksrk gSA lkfgR; dk vuqokn djrs le; ys[kd dks Lora=rk ysus cgqr vko';d gksrh gSA oLrqr% tc ge lkfgfR;d vuqokn dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjk vk'k; lkfgR; dh leLr fo/kkvksa ls gksrk gS] ijarq ge ;gk¡ dkO;] ukVd o dFkk lkfgR; ds vuqokn dh ppkZ djsaxsA vuqokn dh n`fV ls lkfgfR;d vuqokn dsk bl izdkj ckaVk tk ldrk gS llllkkkkffffggggffffRRRR;;;;dddd vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn x|kuqokn i|kuqokn ukVd dFkklkfgR; fuca/k vkys[k laLej.k] js[kkfp=] i=dkfjrk] Mk;jh vkfn ikSjkf.kd ,sfrgkfld 'kks/kijd yfyr egkdkO; eqDrd xhfrdkO; rqdkar@vrqdkar dkO; [kaMdkO; dkO; ikSjkf.kd ,sfrgkfld lkekftd 'kkL=h; lkekU; gkL;O;aX; lelkef;d
  • 75. bu izdkjksa ls LiV gksrk gS fd lkfgfR;d vuqokn dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa eas vuqokn djus ds fy;s vyx fdLe ds dkS'ky dh o vFkZcks/k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 35 ddddkkkkOOOO;;;;kkkkuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn lkfgR; dh lcls vf/kd l`tu'khy fo/kk dkO; gSA ;ksa thou dh xfr Hkh dkO;e; gSA gekjs mBuscSBus] g¡lusjksus lc eas ,d y; gS vkSj y; dkO; dk izk.kA rkRi;Z ;g fd fcuk y;NUn ds dkO; dh dYiuk vlaHko gSA oLrqr% dkO;kuqokn ¼i|kuqokn½ vkjaHk ls gh fooknkLin jgk gSA cgqrksa dh /kkj.kk ;g jgh gS fd dfork dk vuqokn gks gh ugha ldrkA 'It is useless to read greek in translation. Translation can but offer us a vague equivalent'. – Virginia Wolf 'There is no such thing as translation'. – May 'Translation of a literary work is as tasteless as a stewed strawberry' – H.de Forest Smith dqN fpard ;g ekurs gSa fd dkO;kuqokn dkO; eas gh gksuk pkfg;s rFkk dqN dk erg S fd dfork dk vuqokn x| eas Hkh gks ldrk gSA iiiizzffzzffØØØØ;;;;kkkk dkO; dk vuqokn ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS] D;ksafd dfork ewyr% ,d fof'kV injpuk gksrh gSA dfork dk vuqoknd flQZ ,d vuqoknd u gksdj
  • 76. ,d dfo ân; Hkh gksrk gSA blfy;s mls fofHkUu izfØ;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA dfo ds ân; txr eas izos'k djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij bls uhps izos'k djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij bls fn;s x;s vkjs[k ds ek/;e ls lek tk ldrk gS L=ksr Hkkkk eas dkO; y{; Hkkkk eas dkO; L=ksr ikB dk fparu vuq'khyu jl dk vkLoknu vfHkO;fDr fo'ysk.k ¼dkO;'kkL=h;½ 'kCn xqaQu ,oa fo'ysk.k lexz vFkZxzg.k ,oa lexz vFkZ lEizsk.k Hkko xzg.k gsrq 'kCn p;u vFkkZr~ dkO;kuqokn gsrq loZizFke L=ksr Hkkkk dk fparueuu djds jl 36 xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.mmmnnnkkkgggjjj...kkkk ddddss ss ::::iiii eeeeaassaa ss nnnnss[[ss[[kkkkssaass aa vken lgjs funk ts e;[kku , ekA ds fjUn [kjkckrh o nhoku , ekA cj[kst fd iqjdquse iSekuk ts e; tk¡ is'k fd iqjdquan iSekuk , ekA eeeeSSffSSffFFFFkkkkyyyyhhhh''''kkkkjjjj....kkkk xxxxqqIIqqIIrrrr bbbbllll iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjj vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddjjjjrrrrss ss ggggSSaaSS aa ^oke dud dj ds mkk ds tc igyk izdk'k Mkyk
  • 77. 37 lquk LoIu eas eSusa lglk xw¡t mBh ;ksa e/kq'kkyk mBks] mBks] vks esjs cPpksa ik= Hkjks u foyEc djks lw[k u tkos thou gkyk] jg tkos jhrk I;kykA* dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj dddfffooo cccPPPpppuuu uuuss s eee///kkkqq''q'kkkkkkyyykkk dddhhh rrrtttZZ Z eeeaasas s bbblll iiizzddzdkkkjjj vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ffffdddd;;;;ss ggggSSSaSa aa ^mkk us ys vaxM+kbZ gkFk fn, tc uHk dh vksj izlkj LoIu eas efnjky; ds chp lquh rc eSusa ,d iqdkj mBks] esjs f'k'kqvksa uknku cqk ys ihih efnjk Hkw[k ugha rks ru I;kyh dh 'kh?kz tk,xh thou efnjk lw[kA* iiiiaarraarr tttthhhh uuuuss ss vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ffffdddd;;;;kkkk ^[kksydj efnjky; dk }kj izkr% gh mBk dksbZ iqdkj eqX/k Jo.kksa eas e/kq jo ?kksy tkx mUen efnjk ds Nk= qyd dj ;kSou e/kq vueksy 'ksk jg tk, ugha e`nq ek= ky thou efnjk th [kksy yckyc Hkj ys mj dk dk ik=A*
  • 78. ;gk¡ LiV gh ewy vkSj vuqokn eas varj gSA dfo dh izÑfr ds vuqlkj Hkh vuqokn fd;s x;s gSaA dkO;kuqokn eas ;g cgqr cM+h leL;k vkSj ck/kk gS fd vU; vuqoknksa dh rqyuk eas bleas vuqoknd dk O;fDrRo ewy vkSj vuqokn ds chp eas vf/kd vk tkrk gSA yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa yyykkkssddsdkkkssffsfDDDrrr ooo eeeqqggqgkkkooojjjkkkssaas a ddddkkkk vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa eas yksd eu lekfgr gksrk gSA yksd dh ijaijk] muds vuqHko vkfn bleas lekfgr gksrs gSaA bl n`fV ls bls uhfr okD; ds led{k j[kk tk ldrk gSA yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa eas ekuo ds fodkl] izFkk] jhfruhfr] lkaLÑfrd ekU;rk vkfn dk fupksM+ fo|eku jgrk gSA blfy;s yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn djrs le; mlds 'kCnksa o mlls O;aftr vFkksZa ,oa Hkkoksa dks BhdBhd leuk vfr vko';d gksrk gSA ;;;;ggggkkkk¡¡ ¡¡ ddddqqNNqqNN yyyykkkkssddssddkkkkssffssffDDDDrrrr ,,,,ooooaa aa eeeeqqggqqggkkkkoooojjjjkkkkssaassaa ddddss ss mmmmnnnnkkkkggggjjjj....kkkk ffffnnnn;;;;ss ttttkkkk jjjjggggssss ggggSSSaSa aa 1- ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha ekursA 38 Rod is the logic of fools. 2- eu paxk rks dBkSrh eas xaxkA Unto the pure all things are pure. 3- eq¡g eas jke cxy esa NqjhA God in tongue and devil in heart. 4- fry dks rkM+ cukukA Make a mountain of a holehill. 5- lenkj dks b'kkjk dkQhA To the wise a word may suffice. 6- usdh dj] dq,¡ eas MkyA Don't count upon your good deeds. 7- U;k; eas nsjh gks tk;s rks U;k; ugha feyrkA Justice delayed is justice denied. 8- ijgst nok ls csgrj gSA Prevention is better than cure. 9- iq:k flag dh y{eh psjh gksrh gSA Fortune favours the brave. 10- ¼v½ iwr ek¡xus xbZ] ifr [kks vk;hA ¼c½ ek¡xus x;h iwr] [kks vkbZ [kleA The Camel going to seek horns lost his ears.