46. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn vvvvFFFFkkkkZ
fgUnh esa ^vuqokn* 'kCn vaxzsth ds Translation ds i;kZ; ds :i esa iz;qDr
6
fd;k tkrk gS A
;g ySfVu 'kCn Trans vkSj Lation ls cuk gS A Trans vdk vFkZ ^ikj * vkSj
Lation dk vFkZ ^ ys tkus dh fdz;k * A
bl vk/kkj ij Translation dk vFkZ gqvk ^ ,d ikj ls nwljh ikj ys
tkus dh fdz;k * A
MMMMkkkkWWWW- HHHHkkkkkkkkssyyssyykkkkuuuukkkkFFFFkkkk ffffrrrrooookkkkjjjjhhhh % ds vuqlkj ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk laca/k ^ on~ * /kkrq
ls gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS cksyuk ;k dguk A
vvvvaaxxaaxxzzsszzttsstthhhh ddddkkkksssskkkk ddddss ss vvvvuuuuqqllqqllkkkkjjjj ^ ,d Hkkkk ds ikB dks nwljh Hkkkk esa O;Dr
djuk vFkok ,d Hkkkk ds dF; dks nwljh Hkkkk esa :ikarfjr djuk A *
oooossoossoollllVVVVjjjj ''''kkkkCCCCnnnn ddddkkkksssskkkk ddddss ss vvvvuuuuqqllqqllkkkkjjjj %** Translation is a reading from one
language or representation system into another Translation, is an art that involves
the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different
background.”
vFkkZr ,d Hkkkk ls nwljh Hkkkk esa izLrqfr ;k izfrfuf/kRo dh iz.kkyh
vuqokn gS A
;g ,d ,slh dyk gS] ftlesa ,d fHkUu i`BHkwfe okys ikBdksa ds fy;s
fdlh jpuk dk fdlh Hkkkk esa iqu% l`tu gksrk gS A
The art of Translation ds ys[kd vkj- j?kqukFk jko us bls fuEu fyf[kr
vFkZ esa xzg.k fd;k gS A
(1) Removal or Transference of a physical object.
¼fdlh HkkSfrd oLrq dk LFkkukarj.k vFkok ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij
Hkstuk½
(2) Removal or Transference of a man from one office or change to another.
¼fdlh O;fDr dk ,d dk;kZy; vFkok nkf;Ro ls nwljs dk;kZy; vFkok
nkf;Ro esa ifjorZu½
(3) Transference to heaven or to another world.
47. 7
¼lansg varaj.k vFkok yksdkarj.k½
(4) Alternation or Change
¼ ifjorZu vFkok :i ifjorZu ½
(5) Transformation or Change of appearance.
¼:i ifjorZu vFkok :ikarj.k ½
(6) Art of process of changing words to express the sense of
passage in another language.
¼,d Hkkkk esa fy[ks ikB ds HkkokFkZ dks vU; Hkkkk ds lekukFkhZ izrhdksa esa
cnyus dh dyk vFkok izfdz;k ½
(7) Explanation or Interpretation.
¼O;k[;k vFkok HkkokUrj.k½
(8) Version
¼laLdj.k½
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ^vuqokn* dk vFkZ gS iqu% dFku ;k dgh x;h ckr
dks nqgjkuk
izkphu Hkkjr esa f’k{kk dh ,d ekSfyd ,oa le`) ijEijk jgh gS A vkJe
esa xq: tks dgrs Fks] f’k; mls nqgjkrs Fks A
^ okLro esa ;g nqgjkuk gh ^vuqokn* ;k vuqokpu gS A
ikf.kuh ds lw= % ^vuqokns pj.kkuke~ * ij d;;j dgrs gSa ^ ;nk
izfriRrk izek.kkUrjkoxre~ O;FkZ iz;ksDrk rnkuqoknks HkfDr* vFkkZr~ fdlh vkSj
izek.k ls fofnr ckr dks gh] nwljs dk;Z ds fy;s fdlh ds }kjk Jksrk ls tc
dgk tkrk gS A rc vuqokn gksrk gS A
48. iiiiffffjjjjHHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
ftl izdkj ^vuqokn* dks fofHkUu vFkksZa esa xzg.k fd;k x;k gS mlh izdkj
bls ifjHkkfkr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS A
8
1- MMMMkkkkVVVVssZZLLssZZLLVVVV
** vuqokn ls Hkkkk ds izk;ksfxd foKku dh 'kk[kk ds :i esa
ifjHkkfkr djrs gSa tks izfrekfur izrhdksa ds ,d lewg ls nwljs esa vFkZ varfjr
djrh gS A”
” Translation is – That branch of applied science of language which
is especially concerned with the problem or the fact of transference of
meaning from one set of patterned symbols ........into another set of
patterned symbols.”
2- ;;;;wwttwwtthhhhuuuu ,,,, uuuukkkkbbbbZZMMZZMMkkkk us vuqokn dks ,d foKku dk in fnyk;k A mUgksus
y{k.k fn;k ^^ vuqokn dk laca/k L=ksr Hkkkk ds lans’k dk igys vFkZ vkSj
fQj 'kSyh ds /kjkry
ij y{; Hkkkk ds fudVre LokHkkfod rFkk rqY;kFkZd izLrqfr djus esa gksrk gS A
**
” Translation consist in producing in the reception language the
closest natural equivalent to the mssage of source] first in meaning and
secondary in style.”
3- jjjjkkkkssuussuukkkkVVVVkkkkss ss iiiikkkkssffssffxxxxvvvvkkkkyyyykkkkss ss uuuuss ss ddddggggkkkk ” Translation is a interpretative
art.”
4- MMMMkkkkWWWW- HHHHkkkkkkkkssyyssyykkkkuuuukkkkFFFFkkkk ffffrrrrooookkkkjjjjhhhh ddddss ss vvvvuuuuqqllqqllkkkkjjjj % ^^ vuqokn dFkkr% vkSj dF;r%
fudVre lgt izfr izrhdu gs A **
5- ggggSSffSSffyyyyMMMMss ss ds vuqlkj %
^^ vuqokn ,d laca/k gS tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ikBksa ds chp gksrk
gS] ;s ikB leku fLFkfr esa leku izdk;Z esa laikfnr djrs gSa A **
49. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddssss iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjj
vuqokn ds Hksn ;k izdkj ds fok; esa fon~okuksa us vyxvyx /kkj.kk,a
9
O;Dr dh gS A
MMMMkkkkWWWW- HHHHkkkkkkkkssyyssyykkkkuuuukkkkFFFFkkkk ffffrrrrooookkkkjjjjhhhh ddddss ss vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddss ss iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjjkkkkssassa aa ddddss ss eeeeqq[qq[[[;;;; ppppkkkkjjjj vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj ggggSSaaSSaa A
1- x|i| ds vk/kkj ij
2- lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds vk/kkj ij
3- fok; ds vk/kkj ij
4- vuqokn dh izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij
v xxxx||||iiii||||
ddddss ss vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj iiiijjjj
1- x|kuqokn
2- i|kuqokn
3- NUno)
vuqokn
4- NUn eqDr
vuqokn
c llllkkkkffffggggffffRRRR;;;;dddd
ffffoooo////kkkkkkkk ddddss ss vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj
iiiijjjj
1- dkO;kuqokn
2- ukVdkuqokn
3- dFkkuqokn
4- fuca/k]
js[kkfp=
laLej.k
vkfn dk
vuqokn
l ffffooookkkk;;;; ddddss ss vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj iiiijjjj
1- lkfgfR;d lkfgR; dk
vuqokn
2- /kkfeZd lkfgR; dk vuqokn
3- yfyr lkfgR; dk vuqokn
4- xf.kr lkfgR; dk vuqokn
5- iz’kklfud lkfgR; dk
vuqokn
6- oSKkfud lkfgR; dk vuqokn
7- dk;kZy;hu lkfgR; dk
vuqokn
8- fof/k lkfgR; dk vuqokn
9- i=dkfjrk dk vuqokn
n vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddhhhh
iiiizzddzzdd``ff``ffrrrr ddddss ss vvvvkkkk////kkkkkkkkjjjj iiiijjjj
1- ewykfuB
vuqokn
2- ewyeqDr vuqokn
3- 'kCnkuqokn
4- Hkkokuqokn
5- Nk;kuqokn
6- O;k[;kuqokn
7- lkjkuqokn
8- :ikarj.k
9- okrkZuqokn
10- 'kCn izfr
'kCn vuqokn
50. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddkkkk LLLLoooo::::iiii
vuqokn dk Lo:i fu/kkZj.k djrs le; ;g iz’u mBuk LokHkkfod gS fd
vuqokn dyk gS ;k foKku ;k f’kYi A bl fok; esa erHksn gSa A fo)kuksa dk
,d oxZ tgkaW vuqokn dks foKku ekurk gS ogha nwljk oxZ f’kYi vFkok dyk A
vr% ;g tkuuk vko’;d gks tkrk gS fd vuqokn okLro esa D;k gS
vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ,,,,dddd ffffooooKKKKkkkkuuuu ggggSS SS % vuoq kn dks foKku ekuk tkrk gS A ysfdu ml
vFkZ esa ugha ftl vFkZ esa iz;ksx’kkyk esa fofo/k izdkj dh ij[kuyh dh lgk;rk
ls ifj{k.k fd;k tkrk gS A oLrqr% lkekU; Kku vkSj fof’kV Kku esa xgjk
ikFkZoU; gS A
bl lanHkZ eas ;g iz’u mBrk gS fd vuqokn dks foKku dgkWa rd dguk
mfpr gS
ffffxxxx;;;;kkkkssxxssxxhhhhZZ ZZ jjjjkkkkMMMMkkkkssss dk cMk jkspd fo’ys k.k gS %
mudh nyhy gS vuqokn dyk gS ;k foKku ge iz’u djsa fd
fpfdRlk foKku dyk gS ;k foKku LiV gh vukWVkeh vkSj ekuo 'kjhj
foKku] foKku dh dksfV esa vkrs gSa fdarq jksx fu.kZ; ,oa fpfdRlk dyk iw.kZ
dk;Zdyki gS A blesa fo)ku MkWDVj jksxksa dk bykt djrs gSa A jksxh ds rRoksa dks
tfVy /kkjkvksa esa iw.kZr% fo’ysfkr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS A
vuqoknd ,d MkWDVj ds leku gksrk gS tks ewy L=ksrksa dks ;ksa ns[krk gS
tSls mldk dke ewy L=ksr dks fons’kh Hkkkk esa fy[ks tkus ds jksx ls eqDr
djkuk gS A
oLrqr% vuqokn ml vFkZ esa foKku ugha gS ftl vFkZ esa HkkSfrdh] tSfodh]
10
;k xf.kr dks foKku dgk tkrk gS A
ijUrq ;g lR; gS fd mlds Kku dk mu 'kk[kkvks ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k
tk jgk gS A tks okLrfod vFkZ esa foKku ugha gS A
51. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ,,,,dddd ddddyyyykkkk ggggSS SS % vuqokn esa fparu Hkko lEizsk.k vFkok i;kZ; p;u
iw.kZr% foosd ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A vr% ;fn ,d gh vuqokn dks dbZ O;fDr;ksa
}kjk djk;k tk; rks mlds dbZ :i lkeus vk,axs A rkRi;Z ;g fd vuqoknd
,d jpuk’khy vkSj jpuk/kehZ gksrk gS A mlesa l`tu dh lk/k gksrh gS A og
viuh lEiw.kZ ;ksX;rk o {kerk ls vuqokn dks vkdkZd cukrk gS A
ffffFFFFkkkk;;;;kkkkMMMMkkkkssjjssjj llllssoossoojjjjhhhh us viuh iLq rd ” The Art of Translation” esa bldh ppkZ
11
djrs gq, vuqokn dks dyk ekuk gS A
vuqokn ,d f’kYi gS % dyk dk dk;kZRed :i dh f’kYi gS A MkW-HkksykukFk
frokjh dgrs gSa fd 'kk;n dh ,slh dksbZ dyk gks] ftlesa f’kYi dh
fcYdqy vis{kk u gks vkSj 'kk;n fg ,slk dksbZ f’kYi gks ftlesa dyk iw.kZr%
vuisf{kr gks A bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd dyk vkSj f’kYi esa varj gksus ds
ckotwn nksuksa esa i;kZIr laca/k gS A tc vuqokn dyk gS rks f’kYi Hkh A
52. vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddss ss {{{{kkkkss==ss==
vkt vuqokn vfuok;Z izfdz;k cu pqdh gS A bldk iz;ksx {ks= crk tk jgk gS
A HkweaMyhdj.k us vuqokn dks vkt varjkZVªh; cuk fn;k gS A
cccckkkkrrrrpppphhhhrrrr ddddkkkk {{{{kkkkss==ss== % vuqokn dk lcls cM+k {ks= ckrphr dk gS A tc nsk
fHkUu HkkkkHkkkh vkil esa feyrs gSa rks os ,d nwljs ls ckr ugha djrs A mudks
feykus dk dke f}Hkkkh gh dj ldrs gSa A bl izdkj dsjy vFkok mM+hlk dk
O;kikjh fnYyh ds cktkj esa igqWaprk gS rc mls fgUnh vuqokn ds ek/;e ls gh
dke djuk iM+rk gS A
iiii====kkkkppppkkkkjjjj ddddkkkk {{{{kkkkss==ss== % i=kpkj O;kikj esa dk;kZy;ksa esa] U;k;ky; esa loZ=
gksrk gS A tgkWa i=kpkj vius izns’k dh Hkkkk esa djus ls dke pyrk gS ogka
vuqokn dh t:jr ugha iM+rh] fdarq ,d gh izns’k esa dbZ Hkkkk,a cksyus okys
ihf+;ksa ls jgrs gSa A blds fy;s izknsf’kd Hkkkk Hkh ijkbZ jgrh gS A
dk;kZy; dk {ks= % gekjs ns’k ds vf/kdka’k dk;kZy;ksa dh Hkkkk vaxzsth gS
A dsoy iapk;r vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= ij gh izknsf’kd Hkkkk dk O;ogkj dHkhdHkh
fd;k tkrk gS A vke turk dks vaxzsth esa vthZ fy[kuk eqf’dy gksrk gS A ;gka
ls vuqokn dh izfdz;k 'kq: gksrh gS A
UUUU;;;;kkkk;;;;kkkkyyyy;;;; ddddkkkk {{{{kkkkss==ss== % U;k;ky; ds deZpkjh] odhy vkSj izkFkhZ yksx
vnkyr ds vax gksrs gSa A blfy, U;k;ky;ksa esa vuqokn vfuok;Z gksrk gS A
vnkyrksa dh Hkkkk izk;% vaxzsth gksrh gS vkSj eqdneksa ds fy;s vko’;d dkxtkr
vDlj izknsf’kd Hkkkk esa gksrs gSa A ,slh fLFkfr esa vaxzsth vkSj izknsf’kd Hkkkk dk
ckjhckjh ls ijLij vuqokn fd;k tkuk vko’;d gks tkrk gS A
lkfgR; dk {ks= % lkfgR; vuqokn ds fy, lcls moZj {ks= izekf.kr gks
pqdk gS A vuqokn ds tfj, ge vU; Hkkkk dh izfrHkkvksa dks igpku ldrs gSa A
mnkgj.k ds fy, johUnz ukFk VSxksj ds caxyk Nan esa fyf[kr vej d`fr
^xhrkatfy* ;fn vaxzsth esa vuqokfnr djds izdkf’kr u dh tkrh rks mUgs ^ukscy
* iqjLdkj 'kk;n gh feyrk A
vuqokn ekuo mi;ksxh izR;sd jkst esa dk;Zjr rFkk cgqmi;ksxh gS A
12
53. vuqokn dh vvvuuuqqooqokkknnn dddhhh iiiizzffzzffddddzz;;zz;;kkkk ,,,,ooooaa aa iiiizzffzzffooooffff////kkkk
vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddSSllSSllss ss ggggkkkkssrrssrrkkkk ggggSSSS dk fo’ysk.k djuk gh vuqokn dh izfdz;k dk vFkZ
gS A oLrqr% vuqokn ,d laf’yV izfdz;k gS A tks ikB lkis{k gksus ds lkFklkFk
vuqokn ds O;fDrRo dh Nki dks Hkh vafdr djrh gS A
vuqokn dh izfdz;k esa Hkkkkvksa ds O;kdj.k] jpuk fo/kku rFkk Hkkkk
'kkL=h; n`fVdks.k dks HkyhHkkafr leuk o mlh ds vuq:i nksuksa Hkkkkvksa dh
vfHkO;fDr ds vuq:i vFkZ lEizsk.k djuk Hkh vfuok;Z gksrk gS A
uuuukkkkbbbbZZMMZZMMkkkk dh ekU;rk gS fd vuqokn i;kZ; ftl izfdz;k ls fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSa
13
mlds nks :i gSa A
d izR;{k
[k ijks{k
izR;{k vuqokn izfdz;k % izR;{k izfdz;k ds varxZr rhu fLFkfr;ksa dh
dYiuk djrs gSa A ftlds ,d Nksj ij ewy Hkkkk ikB fLFkr gksrk gS vkSj nwljs
Nksj ij y{; Hkkkk ikB A bu nksuksa ds chp ,d e/;orhZ fLFkfr Hkh gksrh gS A
tgkWa nskusk Hkkkk,a viuk Lora= vfLrRo foyhu dj nsrh gSa A bl izfdz;k
dks vkjs[k }kjk bl izdkj lek tk ldrk gS A
LLLL====kkkkssrrssrr HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk yyyy{{{{;;;; HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
eeee////;;;;oooorrrrhhhhZZ ZZ ffffLLLLFFFFkkkkffffrrrr
ffffooookkkk;;;;ooooLLLLrrrrqq qq lllleeeeuuuukkkk rrrrFFFFkkkkkkkk mmmmffffpppprrrr llllEEEEiiiizzsszzsskkkk....kkkk
54. uuuukkkkbbbbMMMM++kk++kk us vuqokn izfd;z k ds ijks{k :i dh ppkZ djrs gq, blds rhu pj.k
14
ekus gSa
d fo’ysk.k
[k varj.k
x iqujZpuk
LLLL====kkkkssrrssrr HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk yyyy{{{{;;;;
HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
¼eeeewwwyywyy iiiikkkkBBBB½ ¼vvvvuuuuwwffwwffnnnnrrrr
iiiikkkkBBBB½
ffffoooo’’’’yyyysssskkkk....kkkk iiiiqquuqquujjjjZZppZZppuuuukkkk
vvvvaarraarrjjjj....kkkk
dddd ffffoooo’’’’yyyysssskkkk....kkkk %
ukbMk dh ekU;rk gS fd ewyHkkkk ikB dk tc rd okfLrfod vFkZ
vuqoknd ds lkeus LiV ugha gksxk rc rd og lgh vuqokn ugha dj ldsxk A
blh n`fV ls fo’yskd ds nks fuf’pr lanHkZ gSA
1- Hkkkk Lrj ij fo’ysk.k
2- fok; ds Lrj ij fo’ysk.k
[[[[kkkk vvvvaarraarrjjjj....kkkk %
fo’ysk.k dh lgk;rk ls gq, vFkZ cks/k dk y{; Hkkkk esa varj.k
gksuk vuqokn izfdz;k dk lcls izeq[k pj.k gS A vuqokn dks fo’ysk.k vkSj
iqujZpuk ds chp fujarj xfr djrs jguk gksrk gS A ijUrq bl xfr ds chp esa
,d Lrj gksrk gS ftls varj.k dgk tkrk gS A
x iqujZpuk %
55. iqujZpuk vuqokn izfdz;k dk rhljk pj.k gS A og fLFkfr gS tc
vuqokn ewy ikB ds lans’k dk vFkZcks/k djds ladze.k ds pj.k ls gksrs gq, y{;
Hkkkk esa iqujZfpr gksdj vuqokn ds :i esa lkeus vkrk gS A
iqujZpuk ds bl rhljs pj.k esa vuqoknd dks bu fcanqvks ij /;ku nsuk
15
vko’;d gS A
1- 'kCn dze
2- O;kdjf.kd lajpuk
3- Hkkkk Hksn
4- lg iz;ksx
5- 'kSyhxr izfreku
iqujZpuk dks bl vkjs[k }kjk lek tk ldrk gS A
vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn
HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk 1111 HHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk2222
yyyyss[[ss[[kkkkdddd1111 iiiikkkkBBBB1111 iiiikkkkBBBBdddd1111 yyyyss[[ss[[kkkkdddd2222 iiiikkkkBBBB2222 iiiikkkkBBBBdddd2222
Vuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnndddd
56. fgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa fffgggUUUnnnhhh dddhhh iiizz;;z;kkkssttstuuuhhh;;;rrrkkk eeessaas a vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ddddhhhh HHHHkkkkwwffwwffeeeeddddkkkk
vkt lEiw.kZ lalkj ,d NksVs ls xkWao ds :i esa cnyrk tk jgk gS A
lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh dzkafr us gesa ,d ,sls eqdke ij igqapk fn;k gS tgkWa ls
fo’o ds ,d dksus ls nwljs dksus rd lEidZ lk/kuk vR;f/kd lqxe gks x;k gS
A
ljdkjh dkedkt dk jkVªh; Lrj ij dkedkt ds fy;s jktHkkkk fgUnh gS
A bl le; vaxzsth Hkh lg;ksxh Hkkkk ds :i esa py jgh gS A vr% {ks=h;
Hkkkk vFkkZr izknsf’kd Hkkkk dk iz;ksx rks ek= jkT; Lrj rd lhfer jgrk gS A
dsUnz ljdkj ds lHkh dk;kZy;ksa esa fgUnh esa dke djuk vfuok;Z gS A
jktHkkkk vf/kfu;e 1963 ¼;Fkk la’kksf/kr 1967½ rFkk jktHkkkk vf/kfu;e
1976 ¼;Fkk la’kksf/kr 1987½ o jkVªifr ds vkns’kksa ,oa jktHkkkk foHkkx x`g
ea=ky; ds fn’kk funsZ’kksa ds vuqlkj iz’kklfud dk;Z] iz’kklfud izfdz;k] lkfgR;
eqnz.k] ys[ku] LVkEi] eksgjsa] lkbZu cksMZ tSlh ensa f}Hkkfkd gksus ds dkj.k
vuqokn dk egRo vR;f/kd c+ x;k gS A
fgUnh dks 14 flrEcj 1949 dks jktHkkkk ds :i esa Lohd`fr fey tkus
o mlds ckn lafo/kku ds Hkkx ,oa Hkkx 17 esa fgUnh laca/kh fofHkUu
izko/kkuks ds fy, lafo/kku }kjk dh xbZ O;oLFkk ds dkj.k vuqokn ds fcuk
ljdkjh dke pykuk dfBu gks x;k Fkk A
vkt cgqr ls fons’kh dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdkas ds vuqokn fgUnh esa gks jgs gSa A
L=ksr Hkkkk vaxzsth u gksus ij ewy ls vaxzsth vkSj vaxzsth ls fgUnh esa vuqokn
gks jgs gSa A blh izdkj dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkkkkvksa ds Hkh fgUnh vuqokn gks jgs gSa tks
fgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk dh n`fV ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS A
16
57. ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu eeeessaass aa vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn
viuh ckr turk rd igWqapkus ds fy, ¼,MojVkbftax½ ,d mi;ksxh l’kDr
ek/;e gS A lHkh izdkj ds foKkiuksa dk ewyHkwr o izkFkfed mn~ns’; lans’k dks
yf{kr miHkksDrk rd igqapkuk gksrk gS A
ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu llllaannaannssss’’’’kkkk eeeekkkk////;;;;eeee yyyyffff{{{{kkkkrrrr mmmmiiiiHHHHkkkkkkkkssDDssDDrrrrkkkk
foKkiu fopkjksa dks lEizsfkr djus dk l’kDr ek/;e gS A ;g tu lapkj
ek/;e dk izeq[k ?kVd gS A bls uhps fn;s vkjs[k ds ek/;e ls lek;k tk
ldrk gs A
llllaappaappkkkkjjjjdddd eeeekkkk////;;;;eeee llllaaappappkkkkffffjjjjrrrr
¼llllaappaappkkkkjjjj llllaannaannss’’ss’’kkkk½
LLLL====kkkkrrssrsrs llllaannaannss’’ss’’kkkk eeeekkkk////;;;;eeee JJJJkkkkssrrssrrkkkk
¼ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu llllaannaannss’’ss’’kkkk½
ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu eeeekkkk////;;;;eeee mmmmiiiiHHHHkkkkkkkkssDDssDDrrrrkkkk
ffffooooKKKKkkkkiiiiuuuu eeeessaass aa vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn % foKkiu fdlh oLrq ;k lekt esa fo[;kr fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa
dh iwrhZ gsrq fd;k tkrk gS A tks O;fDr fo’ksk ds vkdfkZr djs blfy;s O;fDr;ksa
dks ekufld :i ls izHkkfor djus gsrq O;fDr dh ekr`Hkkkk esa mldk vuqokn
17
58. vko’;d gks tkrk gS A ftlls mlesa pqVhykiu] iSukiu ,oa vkdkZ.k cuk;k tk
lds A
Hkkkk dh iz;ksDrk dks fofHkUu {ks=ksa ,oa fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkfkd
iz;qfDr;ksa dk p;u djuk gksrk gS A foKkiu ys[kd ;fn lQy iz;ksx ugha djrk
gS rks og vius mn~ns’;ksa esa vlQy jg tkrk gS A
foKkiu ds fofHkUu fffoooKKKkkkiiiuuu dddss s fffooofffHHHkkkUUUuuu iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjjkkkkssaass aa eeeessaass aa vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn
1- oxhZd`r foKkiu vuqokn
2- izn’kZu foKkiu esa vuqokn
3- laLFkkxr foKkiu esa vuqokn
4- O;oLkk; laca/kh foKkiu esa vuqokn
5- iz’kklfud foKkiu esa vuqokn
18
65. 1- HkkHHHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkiiiijjjjdddd lllleeeerrrrqqYYqqYY;;;;rrrrkkkk bldk vk/kkj Hkkfkd lkexzh gSA bleas Lksr
Hkkkk ds ikB ds 'kCnksa] inca/kksa] okD;ksa vkfn ds lerqY; y{;Hkkkk eas 'kCnksa]
inca/kksa] okD;ksa vkfn dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d izdkj ls 'kCnkuqokn
gksrk gS] tSls
Literacy lk{kjrk
Flying Visit rwQkuh nkSj
I took a taxi for the hotel eSusa gksVy ds fy;s VSDlh yhA
2- HHHHkkkkkkkkooooiiiijjjjdddd lllleeeerrrrqqYYqqYY;;;;rrrrkkkk bleas Hkkfkd vfHkO;fDr dh vis{kk lEizsjd
dF; ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS rFkk vFkZ cká Lrj dh vis{kk vkarfjd
Lrj ij vf/kd dk;Z djrk gSA tSls
Acid test vfXu ijh{kk
He is a stone deaf og furkar cgjk gSA
3- ''''kkkkSSyySSyyhhhhiiiijjjjdddd lllleeeerrrrqqYYqqYY;;;;rrrrkkkk blds varxZr fyf[kr] ekSf[kd] vkSipkfjd
vkfn lHkh izdkj dh 'kSfy;ka vkrh gSa ftleas blds lerqY; y{;Hkkkk dh
'kSfy;ksa dks ns[kuk iM+rk gSA tSls
Would you come to our place D;k rqe gekjs ;gk¡ vkvksxs
4- iiiikkkkBBBBiiiijjjjdddd lllleeeerrrrYYqqYYqq ;;;;rrrrkkkk bl lerqY;r keas izrhdkRed] y{k.kkijd vkSj
O;atukijd vFkZ dk foospu fd;k tkrk gSA ikBijd lerqY;rk dh ppkZ
vusd LFkkuksa ij dh tk pqdh gSA
bl izdkj O;kogkfjd vuqokn eas mi;qZDr rF;ksa dks /;ku eas j[kdj
vuqokn dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA blls vuqokn eas Hkh ewy tSlk vkuan feyrk
gSA
25
66. vH;kl gsrq ;gk¡ mnkgj.k izLrqr gSa
26
ffffggggUUUUnnnnhhhh %%%%
f'k{kknku gekjk igyk dk;Z gksuk pkfg;s uSfrd rFkk ckSf)d nksuksa
gh izdkj dh f'k{kk----- rkfd blds QyLo:Ik yksx vkRefuHkZj rFkk ferO;;h
cu ldsaA ckr dgus eas rks cM+h ljy gS ij blds dk;Z :i eas dSls
ifj.kr fd;k tk, gekjs ns'k eas gtkjksa fu%LokFkZ] n;kyq vkSj R;kxh iq:k
gSaA mueas ls de ls de vk/kksa dsk mlh rjhds ls ftleas os fcuk ikfjJfed
fy;s ?kwe?kwe dj /keZ f'k{kk nsrs gSa viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj f'k{kk nsus
ds fy;s izf'kf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vvvvaaxxaaxxzzssttzzsstthhhh %%%%
Forest are called the 'Green Gold' of a country because they are a
country's health. There are a number of advantages of having green forests.
They give us rain, they prevent floods and give us a number of valuable
products. We get timber for our houses, wood for furniture and fuel for
cooking food. Besides these, many other useful products are got from them.
They are honey, wax gum, oil, rubber, turpentine and lac. Think of the paper
mills. Can they produce paper without getting wood from the forests ? It is our
duty to plant trees and save the forest.
67. dk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud dddkkk;;;kkkZZyyZy;;;hhhuuu ,,,oooaaa iiizz''z'kkkkkklllfffuuuddd {{{{kkkkss==ss== eeeeaassaa ss vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn
dk;kZy;hu vuqokn dh ppkZ ge ihNs dj pqds gSa fQj Hkh ;gka
iz'kklfud {ks= ds vuqokn ,oa iz'kklfud 'kCnkoyh ls lacaf/kr vuqokn dh
laf{kIr ppkZ djuk visf{kr gSA
bleas nks er ugha fd vkt izpfyr iz'kklfud O;oLFkk vaxsztksa dh nsu
gS vr% bleas vkt Hkh vaxszth okD; jpuk o vaxzsth inca/kksa dh Hkjekj gSA
;g t:jh ugha fd vuqokn v{kj'k% vaxzsth 'kSyh eas gks] ijarq tks ewy eas
dgk x;k gS og y{;Hkkkk eas vk tk,A iz'kklfud vuqokn eas Hkkkk dh
izkatyrk ;k 'kSyh dk vkdkZd gksuk vfuok;Z ugha ijarq cks/kxE;rk rks gksuk
gh pkfg;sA
ffffggggUUUUnnnnhhhh eeeeaassaa ss iiiinnnnuuuukkkkeeee ddddss ss ddddqqNNqqNN mmmmnnnnkkkkggggjjjj....kkkk bbbbllll iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjj ggggSSaaSSaa
Assistant lgk;d
Acting Director dk;Zdkjh funs'kd
Advocate vf/koDrk
Additional Director lgk;d lapkyd
Advocate General egkf/koDrk
Ambassador jktnwr
Additional Secretary vfrfjDr lfpo @ vij lfpo
Asstt. Secretary lgk;d lfpo
Asst. Professor lgk;d izk/;kid
Chairman v/;{k @ lHkkifr
27
68. 28
dk;kZy;dddkkk;;;kkkZZyyZy;;;kkkkssaass aa ddddss ss uuuukkkkeeee ¼ffffooooHHHHkkkkkkkkxxxx½
Adult Education Dictoral Of izkS+ f'k{kk funs'kky; foKkiu rFkk
Advertising and visual n`'; izpkj funs'kky;
Administration Section iz'kklu vuqHkkx
Agriculture Research Institute of India Hkkjrh; Ñfk vuqla/kku laLFkku
Bureau of Police Research iqfyl vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl C;wjks
Central Govt. Health Scheme dsUnzh; ljdkj LokLF; ;kstuk
Central Hindi Directorate dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;
Defence Research and development j{kk vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl
Organization laxBu
Legislative Assembly fo/kkulHkk
National Discipline Scheme jkVªh; vuq'kklu ;kstuk
Public Administration Institute yksd iz'kklu ;kstuk
vvvvUUUU;;;; lllljjjjddddkkkkjjjjhhhh ddddkkkk;;;;kkkkZZyyZZyy;;;;kkkkssaass aa ddddss ss uuuukkkkeeee ¼ffffooooHHHHkkkkkkkkxxxx½ bbbbllll iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjj ggggSSaaSS aa
All India Institute of Medical Science vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkSk/k foKku laLFkku
All India Radio vkdk'kok.kh
Archieves of India, National Hkkjrh; jkVªh; vfHkys[kkxkj
Archaeological Survey of India Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k
Armaments, Senior Inspector ofjB vk;q/k fujh{kd
Armed forces films and photo division l'kL= lsuk fQYe o QksVks izHkkx
Armed Forces Headquarters l'kL= lsuk eq[;ky;
Armed Forces information office l'kL= lsuk lwpuk dk;kZy;
Armed Forces Medical Services l'kL= lsuk fpfdRlk lsok
Banking Department oSafdax foHkkx
Buildings Organisation jkVªh; Hkou fuekZ.k
Central Hindi Directorate dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;
69. Central Salt and Marine Chemical dsUnzh; ued vkSj leqnzh jlk;u
Research Institute vuqla/kku laLFkku
Computer Centre dEI;wVj dsUnz
Employment Exchange jkstxkj dk;kZy;
Life Insurance Corporation thou chek fuxe
Indian Mass Communication Hkkjrh; tulapkj laLFkku
Multipurpose Co-operative Society cgqmn~ns'kh; lgdkjh lfefr
National Museum jkVªh; laxzgky;
National Defence College jkVªh; j{kk dkWyst
ikfjHkkfkd 'kCnkoyh iiikkkfffjjjHHHkkkkkkfffkkkddd '''kkkCCCnnnkkkoooyyyhhh ,,,,ooooaa aa iiiizz;;zz;;qqffqqffDDDDrrrr;;;;kkkk¡¡ ¡¡
Aboriginal Tribes vkfne tkfr;ka
Absconding Offender Qjkj vijk/kh
Absolute Order iDdk vkns'k
Alert to keep lrdZ jguk
Allegation vkjksi
As nearly as possible ;Fkk laHko
Assessed Value fu/kkZfjr ewY;
Bad Blood dVqrk
Body Corporate fudk;
Bilnnial Report f}okfkZd fjiksVZ
Book Value vafdr ewY;
Budget Provision ctV O;oLFkk
Breach of discipline vuq'kklu Hkax
Bulk purchase Fkksd [kjhn
Career, Academic 'kS{kf.kd thou
Caution Money vo/kku O;;
Civil Right ukxfjd vf/kdkj
Clearing Agent fudklh ,tsUV @ vfHkdrkZ
29
70. i= iii=== yyyyss[[ss[[kkkkuuuu vvvvkkkkSSjjSSjj vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn
i= ys[ku ,d dyk gSA bl dyk eas ikjaxr gksus ds fy;s fujarj
vH;kl dh vko';drk gSA i= ys[ku thou ds yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa eas
yksdfiz; rFkk vko';d gSA i=ys[ku eas lkfgfR;drk ds xq.k ik, tkrs gSaA
ijarq blds ckctwn bleas lkfgfR;d xaHkhjrk] cksfyrk] fo'ysk.kkRed vkfn
u gksdj mldh viuh Lora= Hkkkk 'kSyh gksrh gSA
ffffggggUUUUnnnnhhhh eeeeaassaa ss eeeeqq[[qq[[;;;; ::::iiii llllss ss iiii====kkkkssaassaa ddddss ss NNNN%%%% iiiizzddzzddkkkkjjjj ggggkkkkssrrssrrss ss ggggSSaa SSaa
30
1- O;fDrxr i=A
2- O;kogkfjd i=A
3- vkf/kdkfjd i=A
4- O;kikfjd i=A
5- lkoZtfud i=A
6- dk;kZy;hu i=A
bu lHkh i= izdkjksa ds vuqlkj i= dh Hkkkk] xBu vyxvyx
'kSfy;ksa eas iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA i= ys[ku dh eq[; fo'kskrk,sa gSa
laf{kIrrk] izHkkoksRikndrk] f'kVkpkj] vkarfjdrk] LiVrk rFkk ljyrkA
vvvvaaxxaaxxzzzzssttsstthhhh iiii====
Format of an Informal Letter
Sender's Address 27, Lajpat Nagar
New Delhi
Date 10 March, 2008
Salutation Dear Ram
It was nice to her from your ……….
……………………………………………………
Contents ……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
Complimentary Write soon
Close Yours
Signature / Name Ravi
of the letter writer
77. 37
lquk LoIu eas eSusa lglk
xw¡t mBh ;ksa e/kq'kkyk
mBks] mBks] vks esjs cPpksa
ik= Hkjks u foyEc djks
lw[k u tkos thou gkyk]
jg tkos jhrk I;kykA*
dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj dddfffooo cccPPPpppuuu uuuss s eee///kkkqq''q'kkkkkkyyykkk dddhhh rrrtttZZ Z eeeaasas s bbblll iiizzddzdkkkjjj vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ffffdddd;;;;ss ggggSSSaSa aa
^mkk us ys vaxM+kbZ gkFk
fn, tc uHk dh vksj izlkj
LoIu eas efnjky; ds chp
lquh rc eSusa ,d iqdkj
mBks] esjs f'k'kqvksa uknku
cqk ys ihih efnjk Hkw[k
ugha rks ru I;kyh dh 'kh?kz
tk,xh thou efnjk lw[kA*
iiiiaarraarr tttthhhh uuuuss ss vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn ffffdddd;;;;kkkk
^[kksydj efnjky; dk }kj
izkr% gh mBk dksbZ iqdkj
eqX/k Jo.kksa eas e/kq jo ?kksy
tkx mUen efnjk ds Nk=
qyd dj ;kSou e/kq vueksy
'ksk jg tk, ugha e`nq ek=
ky thou efnjk th [kksy
yckyc Hkj ys mj dk dk ik=A*
78. ;gk¡ LiV gh ewy vkSj vuqokn eas varj gSA dfo dh izÑfr ds
vuqlkj Hkh vuqokn fd;s x;s gSaA dkO;kuqokn eas ;g cgqr cM+h leL;k vkSj
ck/kk gS fd vU; vuqoknksa dh rqyuk eas bleas vuqoknd dk O;fDrRo ewy
vkSj vuqokn ds chp eas vf/kd vk tkrk gSA
yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa yyykkkssddsdkkkssffsfDDDrrr ooo eeeqqggqgkkkooojjjkkkssaas a ddddkkkk vvvvuuuuqqooqqookkkknnnn
yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa eas yksd eu lekfgr gksrk gSA yksd dh ijaijk]
muds vuqHko vkfn bleas lekfgr gksrs gSaA bl n`fV ls bls uhfr okD; ds
led{k j[kk tk ldrk gSA yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa eas ekuo ds fodkl] izFkk]
jhfruhfr] lkaLÑfrd ekU;rk vkfn dk fupksM+ fo|eku jgrk gSA blfy;s
yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn djrs le; mlds 'kCnksa o mlls O;aftr
vFkksZa ,oa Hkkoksa dks BhdBhd leuk vfr vko';d gksrk gSA
;;;;ggggkkkk¡¡ ¡¡ ddddqqNNqqNN yyyykkkkssddssddkkkkssffssffDDDDrrrr ,,,,ooooaa aa eeeeqqggqqggkkkkoooojjjjkkkkssaassaa ddddss ss mmmmnnnnkkkkggggjjjj....kkkk ffffnnnn;;;;ss ttttkkkk jjjjggggssss ggggSSSaSa aa
1- ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha ekursA
38
Rod is the logic of fools.
2- eu paxk rks dBkSrh eas xaxkA
Unto the pure all things are pure.
3- eq¡g eas jke cxy esa NqjhA
God in tongue and devil in heart.
4- fry dks rkM+ cukukA
Make a mountain of a holehill.
5- lenkj dks b'kkjk dkQhA
To the wise a word may suffice.
6- usdh dj] dq,¡ eas MkyA
Don't count upon your good deeds.
7- U;k; eas nsjh gks tk;s rks U;k; ugha feyrkA
Justice delayed is justice denied.
8- ijgst nok ls csgrj gSA
Prevention is better than cure.
9- iq:k flag dh y{eh psjh gksrh gSA
Fortune favours the brave.
10- ¼v½ iwr ek¡xus xbZ] ifr [kks vk;hA
¼c½ ek¡xus x;h iwr] [kks vkbZ [kleA
The Camel going to seek horns lost his ears.